Assays for fungal infection

ABSTRACT

Methods and kits are described for testing for the presence or absence of any fungus in a sample. Examples of fungi that can be detected include, but are not limited to, those belonging to the genera  Candida, Aspergillus  and  Pneumocystis . The methods include obtaining a sample suspected of containing fungal nucleic acid, including at least one universal region of fungal nucleic acid, and testing for the presence or absence in the sample of the at least one universal region of fungal nucleic acid. Samples may be biological or non-biological.

INFORMATION ON RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/968,413, filed Aug. 28, 2007, and to U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/864,146, filed Nov. 2, 2006, and to UK Patent Application No. 0716687.9, filed Aug. 28, 2007, and to UK Patent Application No. 0621864.8, filed Nov. 2, 2006, all of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entireties.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The invention relates to detecting fungi in a sample. In particular, the invention relates to the rapid detection of any fungus in a sample and the rapid detection of a particular genus or species of fungus in a sample. The invention also generally relates to fungal identification. Methods and kits are also provided for testing for the presence or absence of a fungus in a sample. Examples of fungi detected include, but are not limited to, those belonging to the genera Candida, Aspergillus and Pneumocystis.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Fungal infections are a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in a variety of severely ill patients. For instance, fungi are able to cause superficial and often fatal disseminated infections in immunocompromised patients. Systemic fungal infections cause approximately 25% of infection-related deaths in leukaemics and 5-10% of deaths in patients undergoing lung, pancreas or liver transplantation. Acquired fungal sepsis is also known to occur in up to 13% of very low birth-weight infants.

Members of the Candida genus are responsible for most of the fungal infections in humans. They are the fourth most common cause of nosocomial bloodstream infections. However, other fungal species are also responsible for infections in humans. The members of the Aspergillus genus are the second most common cause of fungal infections behind the members of the Candida genus. However, other genera, including Malassezia, Trichosporon, Fusarium, Acremonium, Rhizopus, Mucor and Absidia, can be responsible for disseminated infections in humans.

The impact of a fungal infection is often exacerbated by a failure to rapidly diagnose and effectively treat the infection. Numerous studies have shown that a delay in appropriate therapy is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. At present, clinical methods of detecting the presence of a fungus in a patient are unreliable and time consuming. For instance, the detection of fungal infections is usually carried out by blood culture, which takes up to 1 to 2 days to perform and often provides false negative results. In addition, some fungi, such as members of the Pneumocystis genus, cannot be cultured easily.

The lack of rapid diagnostic tests for particular fungal species is one of the major impediments to successful management of infected patients. Different species of fungus, even in the same genus, vary in their susceptibilities to the common anti-fungal agents. Some species even display resistance to some agents. The identification of the specific fungal species causing an infection can be even more time consuming that simply detecting the presence of a fungus and this can often further delay effective treatment of the infection.

It is also important that various non-biological samples, such as surgical fluids and drinking water, are known to be fungus free. However, there is currently a lack of rapid tests for the presence of a fungus or for particular fungal genera or species in non-biological samples.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The inventors have shown that the presence or absence of any fungus in a sample can be rapidly and reliably determined using DNA analysis. This is referred to herein as panfungal detection. In particular, the inventors have shown for the first time that panfungal detection can be carried out on non-biological samples. The inventors have also identified a novel region of fungal DNA that can be used for panfungal detection.

The inventors have also identified novel regions of DNA that are specific to fungi belonging to the genera Candida, Aspergillus and Pneumocystis and can therefore be used to detected fungi belonging to each of these genera. The inventors have further developed novel probes and primers that can be used to detect these regions either individually or simultaneously in a multiplex reaction.

The inventors have also developed novel primers and probes for the rapid detection of fungi belonging to the species Candida tropicalis, Candida parapsilosis, Candida albicans, Candida glabrata and Candida krusei. This allows all of these species to be identified simultaneously in a multiplex reaction using only one pair of primers. The inventors have also developed a new internal PCR amplification control.

The invention therefore concerns the rapid detection of any fungus in a sample. The invention also concerns the rapid detection of fungi of the genus Candida, Aspergillus or Pneumocystis in a sample. The invention further concerns the rapid detection of fungi of the species Candida tropicalis, Candida parapsilosis, Candida albicans, Candida glabrata or Candida krusei in a sample. The invention means that DNA analysis can be used to rapidly and reliably determine the presence of or the genus or species of a fungus in a sample. Accordingly, the invention provides a method for the rapid detection of the presence or absence of any fungus in a sample, comprising detecting the presence or absence in the sample of at least one universal region of fungal DNA. The invention further provides:

a method for the rapid detection of the presence or absence of a fungus belonging to the genus Candida in a sample, comprising detecting the presence or absence in the sample of a region of fungal DNA that shares at least 80% homology with SEQ ID NO: 5;

a method for the rapid detection of the presence or absence of a fungus belonging to the genus Aspergillus in a sample, comprising detecting the presence or absence in the sample of a region of fungal DNA that shares at least 80% homology with SEQ ID NO: 14;

a method for the rapid detection of the presence or absence of a fungus belonging to the genus Pneumocystis in a sample obtained from a human, comprising detecting the presence or absence in the sample of a region of fungal DNA that shares at least 80% homology with SEQ ID NO: 18;

a method for the rapid detection of the presence or absence of a fungus belonging to the species Candida tropicalis in a sample, comprising detecting the presence or absence in the sample of a region of fungal DNA as shown in SEQ ID NO: 30 using the molecular beacon probe shown in SEQ ID NO: 33;

a method for the rapid detection of the presence or absence of a fungus belonging to the species Candida parapsilosis in a sample, comprising detecting the presence or absence in the sample of a region of fungal DNA as shown in SEQ ID NO: 34 using the molecular beacon probe shown in SEQ ID NO: 35;

a method for the rapid detection of the presence or absence of a fungus belonging to the species Candida albicans in a sample, comprising detecting the presence or absence in the sample of a region of fungal DNA as shown in SEQ ID NO: 36 using the molecular beacon probe shown in SEQ ID NO: 37;

a method for the rapid detection of the presence or absence of a fungus belonging to the species Candida glabrata in a sample, comprising detecting the presence or absence in the sample of a region of fungal DNA as shown in SEQ ID NO: 38 using the molecular beacon probe shown in SEQ ID NO: 39;

a method for the rapid detection of the presence or absence of a fungus belonging to the species Candida krusei in a sample, comprising detecting the presence or absence in the sample of a region of fungal DNA as shown in SEQ ID NO: 40 using the molecular beacon probe shown in SEQ ID NO: 43;

a kit for the rapid detection of the presence or absence of any fungus in a sample, comprising the molecular beacon probe as shown in SEQ ID NO: 4 and the primers shown in SEQ ID NOs: 2 and 3;

a kit for the rapid detection of the presence or absence of any fungus in a sample, comprising (a) the molecular beacon probe as shown in SEQ ID NO: 44; (b) one or both of the sense primers shown in SEQ ID NOs: 48 and 50; and (b) one or both of the antisense primers shown in SEQ ID NOs: 49 and 51;

a kit for the rapid detection of the presence or absence of any fungus in a sample, comprising (a) the molecular beacon probe as shown in SEQ ID NO: 45; (b) one or both of the sense primers shown in SEQ ID NOs: 48 and 50; and (b) one or both of the antisense primers shown in SEQ ID NOs: 49 and 51;

a kit for the rapid detection of the presence or absence of a fungus belonging to the genus Candida in a sample, comprising the molecular beacon probe shown in SEQ ID NO: 8 and the primers shown in SEQ ID NOs: 6 and 7;

a kit for the rapid detection of the presence or absence of a fungus belonging to the genus Aspergillus in a sample, comprising the molecular beacon probe shown in SEQ ID NO: 17 and the primers shown in (a) SEQ ID NOs: 15 and 16 or (b) SEQ ID NOs: 46 and 47;

a kit for the rapid detection of the presence or absence of a fungus belonging to the genus Pneumocystis in a sample obtained from a human, comprising the molecular beacon probe shown in SEQ ID NO: 21 and the primers shown in SEQ ID NOs: 19 and 20; and

a kit for the rapid detection of the presence or absence of a fungus belonging to a particular species of Candida in a sample, comprising the primers shown in SEQ ID NOs: 31 and 32 or 41 and 42 and one or more of the molecular beacon probes shown in SEQ ID NOs 33, 35, 37, 39 and 43.

In one aspect, methods are provided for testing for the presence or absence of any fungus in a sample, comprising obtaining a sample suspected of containing fungal nucleic acid, including at least one universal region of fungal nucleic acid, and testing for the presence or absence in the sample of the at least one universal region of fungal nucleic acid. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid comprises DNA, and in other embodiments, the nucleic acid comprises RNA. Samples may be obtained from a wide variety of biological and/or non-biological sources.

In some embodied methods the testing step includes contacting the sample with an oligonucleotide probe comprising a nucleic acid capable of hybridizing to the at least one universal region of fungal nucleic acid under stringent conditions. The testing step may also include contacting the sample with an oligonucleotide probe comprising a nucleic acid capable of hybridizing to the at least one universal region of fungal nucleic acid under non-stringent conditions. In some embodiments, the methods further comprise amplifying the at least one universal region of fungal nucleic acid. In methods in which the universal region of the fungal nucleic acid is amplified, the amplifying step may be carried out in the presence of one or more internal PCR amplification controls to ensure appropriate amplification of any fungal nucleic acid present in the sample. In such methods the one or more internal PCR amplification controls may comprise a non-fungal sequence.

In another aspect, methods of testing for the presence or absence of a fungus belonging to a genus such as Candida, Aspergillus, or Pneumocystis in a sample are provided. Such methods may comprising obtaining a sample suspected of containing fungal nucleic acid, including at least one region of fungal nucleic acid characteristic of the genus of interest, and testing for the presence or absence in the sample of the at least one region of fungal nucleic acid characteristic of the that genus. The testing step may include contacting the sample with a probe. Such methods may further comprise amplifying the at least one region of fungal nucleic acid characteristic of the genus by contacting the sample with a pair of primers.

In yet another aspect, methods of testing for the presence or absence of a fungus belonging to species such as Candida tropicalis, Candida parapsilosis, Candida albicans, Candida glabrata, and/or Candida krusei in a sample are provided. Such methods may comprise, obtaining a sample suspected of containing fungal nucleic acid, including at least one region of fungal nucleic acid characteristic of the species of interest, and testing for the presence or absence in the sample of the at least one region of fungal nucleic acid characteristic of the that species. In the above embodied methods in which the fungus belongs to a Candida species, the methods may further comprise amplifying the at least one region of fungal nucleic acid characteristic of the Candida species by contacting the sample with a pair of primers.

In another aspect, testing kits are provided for a number of fungal nucleic acids. In some embodiments, a panfungal nucleic acid testing kits are provided. In other embodiments, kits are provided for testing for the presence or absence of at least one region of a fungal nucleic acid characteristic of the genus Aspergillus, of the genus Pneumocystis, or of a species of Candida in a sample. In another example, kits are provided for simultaneously detecting panfungal, panCandida and panAspergillus targets. Other kits comprise reagents for detecting panAspergillus targets and Pneuomcytis jirovecii. Such kits may further comprise one or more internal PCT amplification controls.

DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

FIG. 1 shows a plot of the fluorescence released from the panfungal molecular beacon (Table 1, Ib; SEQ ID NO: 4) as the temperature is increased in the presence or absence of the target (melting curve). The dotted line shows the results with the target. The continuous line shows the results without the target.

FIG. 2 shows the detection of Candida (PanCan), Aspergillus (PanAsp) and fungal (PanFun) DNA together with an internal control (IC) in a multiplex reaction.

FIG. 3 shows the detection of Pneumocystis (PCP), Aspergillus (PanAsp) and any fungal (PanFun) DNA together with an internal control (IC) in a multiplex reaction.

FIG. 4 shows the detection of fungal DNA in various water samples from a Hospital.

FIG. 5 shows a sequence alignment between the 18S region of various members of the Candida genus. Ctrop is Candida tropicalis. Cpar is Candida parapsilosis. Cdub is Candida dubliniensis. Calb is Candida albicans. Cguil is Candida guilliermondii. Clus is Candida lusitaniae. Cgla is Candida glabrata. Ckru is Candida krusei. The shaded boxes that span all 8 sequences indicate the regions that were used in the Examples to design primers that amplify part of the 18S region of all eight of these Candida species. The primers corresponding to these regions are shown in Table 1 as SEQ ID NOs: 31 (forward) and (reverse) 32. The non-shaded boxes on the sequence for Candida krusei correspond to different regions that can be used to design primers that amplify part of the 18S region for this species. The primers corresponding to these regions are shown in Table 1 as SEQ ID NOs: 41 (forward) and 42 (reverse). The shaded boxes that only span the sequence of one species indicate regions that are specific for the particular species of Candida. These regions (SEQ ID NOs: 30, 34, 36, 38 and 40) can be used to design species-specific probes. The molecular beacon probes used to detect the different species-specific regions are shown in Table 1 as SEQ. ID NOs: 33, 35, 37, 39 and 43.

FIG. 6 shows the specific detection of Candida tropicalis DNA (see arrow) in a multiplex reaction.

FIG. 7 shows the specific detection of Candida parapsilosis DNA (see arrow) in a multiplex reaction.

FIG. 8 shows the specific detection of Candida albicans DNA (see arrow) in a multiplex reaction.

FIG. 9 shows the specific detection of Candida glabrata DNA (see arrow) in a multiplex reaction.

FIG. 10 shows the specific detection of Candida krusei DNA (see arrow) in a multiplex reaction.

FIG. 11 shows the structure of Cy®5 mono NHS ester.

FIG. 12 shows the structure of Texas Red®.

FIGS. 13A-N depict graphical displays of real-time PCR results from multiplex panel experiments (see Example 7).

FIG. 14 shows the Limit of Detection for Aspergillus for a multiplex assay designed to detect Aspergillus genus, Pneumocystis jirovecii and an internal control.

FIG. 15 shows the Limit of Detection for Pneumocystis for a multiplex assay designed to detect Aspergillus genus, Pneumocystis jirovecii and an internal control.

DESCRIPTION OF THE SEQUENCES

SEQ ID NO: 1 shows the panfungal sequence that is detected in Examples 1 to 4.

SEQ ID NOs: 2 and 3 show the panfungal oligonucleotide primers used in Examples 1 to 4.

SEQ ID NO: 4 shows the panfungal molecular beacon probe used in Examples 1 to 4.

SEQ ID NO: 5 shows the Candida-specific sequence that is detected in Example 3.

SEQ ID NOs: 6 and 7 show the Candida oligonucleotide primers used in Example 3.

SEQ ID NO: 8 shows the Candida molecular beacon probe used in Example 3.

SEQ ID NO: 9 shows the sequence of the portion of the Maize (Zea mayis) tRNA-LEU intron region used as an internal control in the Examples.

SEQ ID NO: 10 shows the sequence within SEQ ID NO: 9 that is detected as part of the internal control in the Examples.

SEQ ID NOs: 11 and 12 show the oligonucleotide primers used as part of the internal control in the Examples.

SEQ ID NO: 13 shows the molecular beacon probe used to detect SEQ ID NO 10 as part of the internal control in the Examples.

SEQ ID NO: 14 shows the Aspergillus-specific sequence that is detected in Examples 3 and 4.

SEQ ID NOs: 15 and 16 show the Aspergillus oligonucleotide primers used in Examples 3 and 4.

SEQ ID NO: 17 shows the Aspergillus molecular beacon probe used in Examples 3 and 4.

SEQ ID NO: 18 shows the Pneumocystis-specific sequence that is detected in Example 4.

SEQ ID NOs: 19 and 20 show the Pneumocystis oligonucleotide primers used in Example 4.

SEQ ID NO: 21 shows the Pneumocystis molecular beacon probe used in Example 4.

SEQ ID NO: 22 shows the sequence of 18S in Candida tropicalis.

SEQ ID NO: 23 shows the sequence of 18S in Candida parapsilosis.

SEQ ID NO: 24 shows the sequence of 18S in Candida dubliniensis.

SEQ ID NO: 25 shows the sequence of 18S in Candida albicans.

SEQ ID NO: 26 shows the sequence of 18S in Candida guilliermondii.

SEQ ID NO: 27 shows the sequence of 18S in Candida lusitaniae.

SEQ ID NO: 28 shows the sequence of 18S in Candida glabrata.

SEQ ID NO: 29 shows the sequence of 18S in Candida krusei.

SEQ ID NO: 30 shows the Candida tropicalis-specific sequence that is detected in Example 6.

SEQ ID NO: 31 shows the sequence of the forward primer that is used in Example 6 to amplify part of the 18S region for all five Candida species.

SEQ ID NO: 32 shows the sequence of the reverse primer that is used in Example 6 to amplify part of the 18S region for all five Candida species.

SEQ ID NO: 33 shows the sequence of the molecular beacon probe that is used in Example 6 to specifically detect Candida tropicalis.

SEQ ID NO: 34 shows the Candida parapsilosis-specific sequence that is detected in Example 6.

SEQ ID NO: 35 shows the sequence of the molecular beacon probe that is used in Example 6 to specifically detect Candida parapsilosis.

SEQ ID NO: 36 shows the Candida albicans-specific sequence that is detected in Example 6.

SEQ ID NO: 37 shows the sequence of the molecular beacon probe that is used in Example 6 to specifically detect Candida albicans.

SEQ ID NO: 38 shows the Candida glabrata-specific sequence that is detected in Example 6.

SEQ ID NO: 39 the sequence of the molecular beacon probe that is used in Example 6 to specifically detect Candida glabrata.

SEQ ID NO: 40 shows the Candida krusei-specific sequence that is detected in Example 6.

SEQ ID NO: 41 shows the sequence of the forward primer that can be used to amplify part of the 18S region for all five species of Candida.

SEQ ID NO: 42 shows the sequence of the reverse primer that can be used to amplify part of the 18S region for all five species of Candida.

SEQ ID NO: 43 shows the sequence of the molecular beacon probe that is used in Example 6 to specifically detect Candida krusei.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

It is to be understood that different applications of the disclosed methods may be tailored to the specific needs in the art. It is also to be understood that the terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments of the invention only, and is not intended to be limiting.

In addition as used in this specification and the appended claims, the singular forms “a”, “an”, and “the” include plural referents unless the content clearly dictates otherwise. Thus, for example, reference to “a method” includes “methods”, reference to “a probe” includes two or more such probes, reference to “a label” includes two or more such labels, reference to “fungus” includes two or more fungi, and the like.

All publications, patents and patent applications cited herein, whether supra or infra, are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety.

The invention generally concerns the rapid detection and identification of a fungus or more than one fungus in a sample. The invention allows the rapid detection of any fungus in a sample (panfungal detection). The invention in a preferred embodiment allows the rapid detection and identification of a fungus belonging to the genus Candida, Aspergillus or Pneumocystis. In still another preferred embodiment of the invention, a method is provided for the rapid detection and identification of a fungus belonging to the species Candida tropicalis, Candida parapsilosis, Candida albicans, Candida glabrata or Candida krusei.

A Description of Selected Embodiments of the Invention

In one aspect, a method of testing for the presence or absence of any fungus in a sample is provided, comprising obtaining a sample suspected of containing fungal nucleic acid, including at least one universal region of fungal nucleic acid, and testing for the presence or absence in the sample of the at least one universal region of fungal nucleic acid. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid comprises DNA, and in other embodiments, the nucleic acid comprises RNA.

Samples may be obtained from biological or non-biological sources. For example the biological source samples can include, but are not limited to, a biological fluid, tissue, or a combination of any two or more thereof. Non-biological sources may include, but are not limited to samples obtained from the environment. For example, some non-biological sources may include an air sample, a water sample, a soil sample, or combinations thereof. Non-biological sources may also include a piece of a vehicle, watercraft, aircraft, building, or dwelling.

In some embodied methods, the at least one universal region of fungal nucleic acid includes SEQ ID NO: 1, a complement or a transcript thereof, or a sequence having 80% or more sequence homology with SEQ ID NO: 1, the complement or the transcript thereof. In other embodiments, the at least one universal region of fungal nucleic acid includes SEQ ID NO: 1, a complement or a transcript thereof, or a sequence having 90% or more sequence homology with SEQ ID NO: 1, complement or transcript thereof.

In some embodied methods the testing step includes contacting the sample with an oligonucleotide probe comprising a nucleic acid capable of hybridizing to the at least one universal region of fungal nucleic acid under stringent conditions. The testing step may also include contacting the sample with an oligonucleotide probe comprising a nucleic acid capable of hybridizing to the at least one universal region of fungal nucleic acid under non-stringent conditions. In such methods, the oligonucleotide probe may further include a detectable label. In other such methods, the probe includes SEQ ID NO: 4, complement or transcript thereof, or a sequence having 90% or more sequence homology with SEQ ID NO: 4, complement or transcript thereof.

Methods embodied herein may further comprise amplifying the at least one universal region of fungal nucleic acid. For example, the amplifying step may include contacting the sample with a pair of primers such as, but not limited to, SEQ ID NO: 2 and SEQ ID NO: 3.

In methods in which the universal region of the fungal nucleic acid is amplified, the amplifying step may be carried out in the presence of one or more internal PCR amplification controls to ensure appropriate amplification of any fungal nucleic acid present in the sample. In such methods the one or more internal PCR amplification controls may comprise a non-fungal sequence. In other such methods, the amplifying step may be carried out in the presence of a cloned or synthesized tRNA-LEU intron region, which is added to the amplification mixture in a predetermined amount to rule out the presence of inhibitors or other defective amplification steps. tRNA-LEU intron regions used in the embodied methods may comprise a portion of the Maize (Zea mayis) tRNA-LEU intron region, for example, including but not limited to, SEQ ID NO: 9. In some such embodied methods, the method further comprises detecting the presence of a nucleic acid including SEQ ID NO: 10. In other such embodied methods, the detecting step comprises contacting the sample with a pair of oligonucleotides primers including SEQ ID NO: 11 and SEQ ID NO: 12 and a molecular beacon probe including SEQ ID NO: 13.

In another aspect, a method is provided for testing for the presence or absence of a fungus belonging to the genus Candida in a sample. Such methods comprise obtaining a sample suspected of containing fungal nucleic acid, including at least one region of fungal nucleic acid characteristic of the genus Candida, and testing for the presence or absence in the sample of the at least one region of fungal nucleic acid characteristic of the genus Candida. In some embodiments, the at least one region of fungal nucleic acid characteristic of the genus Candida includes SEQ ID NO: 5, a complement or transcript thereof, or a sequence having 80% or more sequence homology with SEQ ID NO: 5, complement or transcript thereof.

In other embodiments, the testing step includes contacting the sample with a probe including SEQ ID NO: 8. In some such embodiments the methods further comprise amplifying the at least one region of fungal nucleic acid characteristic of the genus Candida by contacting the sample with a pair of primers including SEQ ID NO: 6 and SEQ ID NO: 7.

In another aspect, a method of testing for the presence or absence of a fungus belonging to the genus Aspergillus in a sample is provided, comprising obtaining a sample suspected of containing fungal nucleic acid, including at least one region of fungal nucleic acid characteristic of the genus Aspergillus, and testing for the presence or absence in the sample of the at least one region of fungal nucleic acid characteristic of the genus Aspergillus.

In some embodiments, the at least one region of fungal nucleic acid characteristic of the genus Aspergillus includes SEQ ID NO: 14, a complement or transcript thereof, or a sequence having 80% or more sequence homology with SEQ ID NO: 14, complement or transcript thereof. In some such methods, the testing step includes contacting the sample with a probe including SEQ ID NO: 17. Such methods may further comprise amplifying the at least one region of fungal nucleic acid characteristic of the genus Aspergillus by contacting the sample with a pair of primers including SEQ ID NO: 15 and SEQ ID NO: 16.

In yet another aspect, a method of testing for the presence or absence of a fungus belonging to the genus Pneumocystis in a sample is provided, comprising obtaining a sample suspected of containing fungal nucleic acid, including at least one region of fungal nucleic acid characteristic of the genus Pneumocystis, and testing for the presence or absence in the sample of the at least one region of fungal nucleic acid characteristic of the genus Pneumocystis.

In some embodied methods, the at least one region of fungal nucleic acid characteristic of the genus Pneumocystis includes SEQ ID NO: 18, a complement or transcript thereof, or a sequence having 80% or more sequence homology with SEQ ID NO: 18, complement or transcript thereof. In some such methods, the testing step includes contacting the sample with a probe including SEQ ID NO: 21. Some such methods may further comprise amplifying the at least one region of fungal nucleic acid characteristic of the genus Pneumocystis by contacting the sample with a pair of primers including SEQ ID NO: 19 and SEQ ID NO: 20.

In yet another aspect, a method of testing for the presence or absence of a fungus belonging to the species Candida tropicalis in a sample is provided, comprising obtaining a sample suspected of containing fungal nucleic acid, including at least one region of fungal nucleic acid characteristic of the species Candida tropicalis, and testing for the presence or absence in the sample of the at least one region of fungal nucleic acid characteristic of the species Candida tropicalis. In some embodied methods, the at least one region of fungal nucleic acid characteristic of the species Candida tropicalis includes SEQ ID NO: 30, a complement or transcript thereof, or a sequence having 80% or more sequence homology with SEQ ID NO: 30, complement or transcript thereof. The testing step may include contacting the sample with a probe including SEQ ID NO: 33.

In yet another aspect, a method of testing for the presence or absence of a fungus belonging to the species Candida parapsilosis in a sample is provided, comprising obtaining a sample suspected of containing fungal nucleic acid, including at least one region of fungal nucleic acid characteristic of the species Candida parapsilosis, and testing for the presence or absence in the sample of the at least one region of fungal nucleic acid characteristic of the species Candida parapsilosis. In some embodied methods, the at least one region of fungal nucleic acid characteristic of the species Candida parapsilosis includes SEQ ID NO: 34, a complement or transcript thereof, or a sequence having 80% or more sequence homology with SEQ ID NO: 34, complement or transcript thereof. The some such methods, the testing step may include contacting the sample with a probe including SEQ ID NO: 35.

In yet another aspect, a method of testing for the presence or absence of a fungus belonging to the species Candida albicans in a sample, comprising obtaining a sample suspected of containing fungal nucleic acid, including at least one region of fungal nucleic acid characteristic of the species Candida albicans, and testing for the presence or absence in the sample of the at least one region of fungal nucleic acid characteristic of the species Candida albicans. In some embodied methods, the at least one region of fungal nucleic acid characteristic of the species Candida albicans includes SEQ ID NO: 36, a complement or transcript thereof, or a sequence having 80% or more sequence homology with SEQ ID NO: 36, complement or transcript thereof. In some such methods the testing step may include contacting the sample with a probe including SEQ ID NO: 37.

In another aspect, a method of testing for the presence or absence of a fungus belonging to the species Candida glabrata in a sample is provided, comprising obtaining a sample suspected of containing fungal nucleic acid, including at least one region of fungal nucleic acid characteristic of the species Candida glabrata, and testing for the presence or absence in the sample of the at least one region of fungal nucleic acid characteristic of the species Candida glabrata. In some embodied methods the at least one region of fungal nucleic acid characteristic of the species Candida glabrata includes SEQ ID NO: 38, a complement or transcript thereof, or a sequence having 80% or more sequence homology with SEQ ID NO: 38, complement or transcript thereof. In some such methods the testing step may include contacting the sample with a probe including SEQ ID NO: 39.

In yet another aspect, a method of testing for the presence or absence of a fungus belonging to the species Candida krusei in a sample is provided, comprising obtaining a sample suspected of containing fungal nucleic acid, including at least one region of fungal nucleic acid characteristic of the species Candida krusei, and testing for the presence or absence in the sample of the at least one region of fungal nucleic acid characteristic of the species Candida krusei. In some embodied methods, the at least one region of fungal nucleic acid characteristic of the species Candida krusei includes SEQ ID NO: 40, a complement or transcript thereof, or a sequence having 80% or more sequence homology with SEQ ID NO: 40, complement or transcript thereof. In such methods the testing step may include contacting the sample with a probe including SEQ ID NO: 43.

In the above embodied methods in which the fungus belongs to a Candida species, the methods may further comprise amplifying the at least one region of fungal nucleic acid characteristic of the Candida species by contacting the sample with a pair of primers including SEQ ID NO: 31, SEQ ID NO: 32, SEQ ID NO: 41, and SEQ ID NO: 42.

In other aspects, the inventive methods can be employed in multiplex reactions to simultaneously test for the presence or absence of a variety of fungi. One or more of the panfungal detection methods described below can be carried out simultaneously in a multiplex reaction with one or more of the genus detection methods described below and/or one of the species detection methods described below. Similarly, one or more of the genus detection methods described below can be carried out simultaneously in a multiplex reaction with one or more of the species detection methods described below. For example, the inventive methods can be used to simultaneously evaluate a sample for the presence of fungi generally, Pneumocystis, Aspergillus, as well as an internal control. In another example, the inventive methods can be used to simultaneously detect in a sample Aspergillus genus, Pneumocystis jirovecii and an internal control.

Testing kits are also provided for testing for a number of fungal nucleic acids. In some embodiments, a panfungal nucleic acid testing kit is provided comprising a molecular beacon probe including SEQ ID NO: 4 and a pair of primers including SEQ ID NO: 2 and SEQ ID NO: 3. In other embodiments, a kit for testing for the presence or absence of at least one region of fungal nucleic acid characteristic of the genus Candida in a sample is provided, comprising a molecular beacon probe including SEQ ID NO: 8 and a pair of primers including SEQ ID NO: 6 and SEQ ID NO: 7.

In yet other embodiments, a kit for testing for the presence or absence of at least one region of fungal nucleic acid characteristic of the genus Aspergillus in a sample is provided, comprising a molecular beacon probe including SEQ ID NO: 17 and a pair of primers including SEQ ID NO: 15 and SEQ ID NO: 16.

In yet other embodiments, a kit for testing for the presence or absence of at least one region of fungal nucleic acid characteristic of the genus Pneumocystis in a sample is provided, comprising a molecular beacon probe including SEQ ID NO: 21 and a pair of primers including SEQ ID NO: 19 and SEQ ID NO: 20.

In yet other embodiments, a kit for testing for the presence or absence of at least one region of fungal nucleic acid characteristic of a species of Candida in a sample is provided, comprising one or more molecular beacon probes including SEQ ID NO: 33, SEQ ID NO: 35, SEQ ID NO: 37, SEQ ID NO: 39, SEQ ID NO: 43, or combinations thereof and a pair of primers including SEQ ID NO: 31 and SEQ ID NO: 32, SEQ ID NO: 41 and SEQ ID NO: 42, or both pairs. Such kits may further comprise one or more internal PCT amplification controls.

Panfungal Detection Method

The invention provides a method for the rapid detection of the presence or absence of any fungus in a sample. This is referred to herein as the panfungal detection method. The panfungal detection method involves determining whether or not a sample comprises any fungus. The method therefore involves determining whether or not a sample comprises a fungus that belongs to any fungal phylum, any fungal genus or any fungal species. The method can be used in relation to any fungus. The fungus can belong to any of the five fungal phyla, Chytridiomycota, Zygomycota, Glomeromycota, Ascomycota or Basidiomycota. The fungus can be mould, yeast, smut or mushroom. The fungus is preferably a fungus that is capable of infecting humans or animals. The fungus can belong to any fungal genus. The fungus preferably belongs to the genus Candida, Aspergillus, Pneumocystis, Cryptococcus, Blastomyces, Coccidioides, Paracoccidioides, Penicillium, Mucor, Scedosporium, Saccharomyces, Histoplasma, Fusarium, Paecilomyces, Trichosporon, Acremonium, Rhizopus, Rhizomucor, Mucor, Cuninghamella, Malezzesia, Blastoschizomyces, Scedosporium, Goetrichum, Trichophyton, Exophiala, Exserohilum, Fonsecea, Cladosporium, Curvularia, Basidiobolus Aureobasidium, Schizophyllum, Sporothrix, Scopulariopsis or Absidia. The fungus can belong to any fungal species. The fungus can belong to any of the species exemplified below.

The panfungal detection method gives an indication of the fungus-containing status of the sample. The method indicates either that there is a fungus or fungi present in the sample or that there is no fungus present in the sample. The method allows the detection of a fungus in a sample without the need to test for a specific fungal genus or for a specific fungus species.

The panfungal detection method can be carried out on any sample. In one embodiment, the sample is a non-biological sample. Specific types of sample are discussed in more detail below. The panfungal detection method is typically carried out on a sample whose fungus-containing status is not known. In other words, the panfungal detection method is typically carried out when it is not known whether or not a sample contains a fungus. The panfungal detection method is preferably carried out on a sample that is suspected of containing a fungus. The method can be carried out on a sample that is known to contain a fungus to confirm the presence of the fungus.

The panfungal detection method comprises detecting the presence or absence in the sample of at least one universal region of fungal DNA. The presence of a universal region in the sample is indicative of the presence of a fungus in the sample. The absence of a universal region from the sample is indicative of the absence of a fungus from the sample. The method may involve detecting 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 10, 15, 20 or more universal regions. A universal region of fungal DNA (hereinafter “universal region”) is a region of DNA that is present in the genomes of all fungi. The universal region is not present in any other organism, particularly a micro-organism such as a bacteria or a virus. For example, a universal region is region of DNA that is present in all fungi but that is not present in Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. A region of fungal DNA is a DNA sequence within the genome of a fungus. The region can be part of a gene, such as an intron, an exon or a part thereof. Alternatively, the region can incorporate a part of one or more genes.

The universal region is typically at least 5, at least 6, at least 7, at least 8, at least 9, at least 10, at least 15, at least 20, at least 25, at least 30, at least 35, at least 45, at least 50, at least 75 or at least 100 nucleotides in length. For example, the universal region can be from 5 to 200, from 7 to 100 or from 10 to 50 nucleotides in length. The region is preferably 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35 or 40 nucleotides in length.

In one embodiment, only the universal region is detected. In another embodiment, the universal sequence is detected as part of larger sequence. For instance, the universal region can be detected as part of a sequence that has flanking sequences at the 5′ end, the 3′ end or at both the 5′ and 3′ ends of the universal region. The flanking sequences can be at least 1, at least 2, at least 5, at least 10, at least 15, at least 20, at least 25, at least 30, at least 35, at least 45, at least 50, at least 75 or at least 100 nucleotides in length. For example, the flanking regions can be from 1 to 100, from 5 to 50 or from 10 to 20 nucleotides in length.

The universal region is preferably part of the 18S region.

The universal region is preferably a sequence that shares at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98% or at least 99% homology or sequence identity with SEQ ID NO: 1. The universal region is even more preferably a sequence that is identical to SEQ ID NO: 1.

In another embodiment, the panfungal detection methods involve detecting the presence or absence in a sample of at least one universal region of fungal DNA present in at least the following fungi: Gymnopus spp., Rhodocollybia butyracea, Hypholoma fasciculare, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Tuber spp., Bothia castanella, Rhizosphere spp., Herpotrichiellaceae spp., Verrucariaceae spp., Marchandiomyces spp., Minimedusa spp., Marchandiobasidium aurantiacum, Marchandiomyces corallinus, Marchandiomyces lignicola, Burgoa spp., Athelia arachnoidea, Alternaria alternate, Alternaria spp., Boletus edulis, Leccinum aurantiacum, Trametes versicolor, Trametes spp., Sympodiomycopsis spp., Flavocetraria nivalis, Ampelomyces spp., Gymnopus biformis, Gymnopus spp., Gymnopus confluens, Gymnopus spongiosus, Collybia readii, Marasmiellus stenophyllus, Marasmiellus ramealis, Marasmius scorodonius, Collybia marasmioides, Micromphale brassicolens, Caripia montagnei, Rhodocollybia spp., Anthracophyllum lateritium, Anthracophyllum archeri, Anthracophyllum spp., Phanerochaete spp., Schizosaccharomyces pombe, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus spp., Tricholoma imbricatum, Tricholoma flavovirens, Tomentella sublilacina, Rhizopogon spp., Laccaria spp., Inocybe spp., Hebeloma spp., Cortinarius spp., Clavulina spp., Xerocomus spp., Amanita spp., Eurotium herbariorum, Edyuillia athecia, Warcupiella spinulosa, Hemicarpenteles paradoxus, Hemicarpenteles acanthosporus, Hemicarpenteles spp., Chaetosartorya cremea, Petromyces spp., Graphium tectonae, Diplolaimelloides spp., Rhabdolaimus spp., Hohenbuehelia petalodes, Glomerella graminicola, Cryptococcus arboriformis, Cryptococcus neoformans, Cryptococcus spp., Gamsylella parvicollis, Monacrosporium haptotylum, Monacrosporium sichuanense, Monacrosporium spp., Monacrosporium gephyropagum, Monacrosporium spp., Drechslerella coelobrocha, Drechslerella dactyloides, Drechslerella spp., Arthrobotrys musiformis, Arthrobotrys flagrans, Arthrobotrys hertziana, Arthrobotrys oligospora, Arthrobotrys vermicola, Arthrobotrys spp., Monacrosporium drechsleri, Vermispora spp., Pseudallescheria boydii (Scedosporium apiospermum), Scedosporium inflatum, Geosmithia spp., Glomerella cingulata, Lophodermium piceae, Fusarium asiaticum, Fusarium spp., Pleurotus eryngii, Cintractia sorghi-vulgaris, Cantharocybe gruberi, Bourdotia spp., Auricularia spp., Puccinia bartholomaei, Puccinia spp., Diaporthe phaseolorum, Melanconis stilbostoma, Xylaria spp., Trichophyton equinum, Trichophyton tonsurans, Trichophytum violaceum, Trichophytum rubrum, Trichophytum interdigitale, Trichophytum schoenleinii Trichophyton spp., Chlorophyllum agaricoides, Cenococcum geophilum, Helotiales spp., Rhizoscyphus ericae, Lactarius pubescens, Lactarius spp., Piloderma fallax, Suillus luteus, Amanita muscaria, Tricholoma spp., Laccaria cf. bicolour, Cortinarius purpurascens, Seiridium spp., Apiospora montagnei, Chondrostereum purpureum, Botryobasidium subcoronatum, Boletellus shichianus, Boletellus spp., Hypocrea farinose, Hypocrea spp., Sarcostroma restionis, Sarcostroma spp., Truncatella betulae, Truncatella spp., Pestalotiopsis matildae, Paraconiothyrium spp., Phoma spp., Cunninghamella bainieri, Cunninghamella bertholletiae, Cantharellus cibarius, Apiospora bambusae, Apiospora spp., Discostroma botan, Cercophora caudate, Gnomonia ribicola, Faurelina elongate, Mycorrhiza fungi, Geomyces pannorum, Coprinus spp., Acremonium spp., Clonostachys spp., Phoma eupyrena, Tetracladium spp., Mortierella spp., Tulasnella calospora, Epulorhiza spp., Tulasnella calospora, Antarctomyces psychrotrophicus, Amphisphaeriaceae spp., Phomopsis spp., Trichoderma spp., Pestalotiopsis spp., Pestalotiopsis spp., Trichocomaceae spp., Coniochaetales spp., Tremellales spp., Dothideales spp., Phyllachoraceae spp., Saccharomycetales spp., Herpotrichiellaceae spp., Liliopsida spp., Trichosporonales spp., Trichosporon mycotoxinivorans, Trichosporon spp., Dothioraceae spp., Hypocreales spp., Mycosphaerellaceae spp., Sporidiobolales spp., Clavicipitaceae spp., Pleosporales spp., Ustilaginaceae spp., Phyllachoraceae spp., Mucoraceae spp., Sordariales spp., Filobasidiales spp., Calosphaeriaceae spp., Clavicipitaceae spp., Mucorales spp., Herpotrichiellaceae spp., Microdochium spp., Phyllachoraceae spp., Zopfiaceae spp., Botryosphaeriaceae spp., Helotiaceae spp., Bionectriaceae spp., Lachnocladiaceae spp., Dipodascaceae spp., Caulerpaceae spp., Microstromatales spp., Aphyllophorales spp., Montagnulaceae spp., Gymnoascaceae spp., Cryphonectriaceae spp., Xylariales spp., Montagnulaceae spp., Chaetomiaceae spp., Xanthoria elegans, Rhizopus spp., Penicillium spp., Cetraria aculeate, Nephromopsis laureri, Tuckermannopsis chlorophylla, Cetraria ericetorum, Cetraria spp., Flavocetraria cucullata, Kaernefeltia merrillii, Amorosia littoralis, Quambalaria cyanescens, Cordyceps roseostromata, Cordyceps spp., Russula spp., Clavulina spp., Tuber quercicola, Gymnomyces spp., Tetrachaetum elegans, Anguillospora longissima, Hypocrea spp., Sirococcus conigenus, Rhizopogon roseolus, Rhizopogon olivaceotinctus, Rhizopogon spp., Pisolithus microcarpus, Rhizoscyphus ericae, Cortinarius glaucopus, Paxillus spp., Suillus variegates, Pyrobaculum aerophilum, Tulasnella spp., Hohenbuehelia spp., Cochliobolus lunatus, Plicaturopsis crispa, Bondarcevomyces taxi, Tapinella panuoides, Tapinella spp., Austropaxillus spp., Gomphidius roseus, Gyrodon lividus, Phylloporus pelletieri, Chamonixia caespitose, Porphyrellus porphyrosporus, Truncocolumella citrina, Tapinella atrotomentosa, Scleroderma leave, Suillus variegates, Suillus spp., Porphyrellus porphyrosporus, Pisolithus arrhizus, Phaeogyroporus portentosus, Melanogaster variegates, Leucogyrophana mollusca, Hydnomerulius pinastri, Gomphidius roseus, Gyrodon lividus, Gyroporus cyanescens, Chalciporus piperatus, Chamonixia caespitose, Bondarcevomyces taxi, Dendryphiella triticicola, Guignardia spp., Shiraia spp., Cladosporium spp., Phomopsis spp., Diaporthales spp., Pestalotiopsis spp., Lophiostoma spp., Verticillium chlamydosporium, Paecilomyces lilacinus, Paecilomyces varioti, Paecilomyces spp., Ceratorhiza oryzae-sativae, Geosmithia pallida, Geosmithia spp., Geosiphon pyriformis, Agonimia spp., Pyrgillus javanicus, Exophiala dermatitidis, Exophiala pisciphila, Exophiala spp., Ramichloridium anceps, Ramichloridium spp., Capronia pilosella, Isaria farinose, Pochonia suchlasporia, Lecanicillium psalliotae, Dothideomycete spp., Leotiomycete spp., Ustilaginoidea virens, Hyphozyma lignicola, Coniochaeta malacotricha, Coniochaeta spp., Torrubiella confragosa, Isaria tenuipes, Microsporum canis, Microsporum audouinii, Microsporum spp., Epicoccum floccosum, Gigaspora rosea, Gigaspora spp., Ganoderma spp., Pseudoperonospora cubensis, Hyaloperonospora parasitica, Plectophomella spp., Aureobasidium pullulans, Gloeophyllum sepiarium, Gloeophyllum spp., Donkioporia expansa, Antrodia sinuosa, Phaeoacremonium rubrigenum, Phaeoacremonium spp., Albertiniella polyporicola, Cephalotheca sulfurea, Fragosphaeria reniformis, Fragosphaeria spp., Phialemonium dimorphosporum, Phialemonium spp., Pichia norvegensis, Pichia spp., Candida albicans, Candida tropicalis, Candida glabrata, Candida parapsilosis, Candida spp., Gondwanamyces spp., Graphium spp., Ambrosiella spp., Microglossum spp., Neobulgaria pura, Holwaya mucida, Chlorovibrissea spp., Chlorociboria spp., Thaxterogaster spp., Cortinarius spp., Setchelliogaster spp., Timgrovea spp., Descomyces spp., Hymenogaster arenarius, Quadrispora tubercularis, Quadrispora spp., Protoglossum violaceum, Ceratostomella pyrenaica, Ceratosphaeria lampadophora, Fonsecaea pedrosoi, Phlebia acerina, Phlebia spp., Pestalotiopsis disseminata, Paracoccidioides brasiliensis, Racospermyces koae, Endoraecium acaciae, Uromycladium tepperianum, Uromycladium spp., Agaricus bisporus, Agaricus spp., Psilocybe quebecensis, Psilocybe merdaria, Psilocybe spp., Gymnopilus luteofolius, Gymnopilus liquiritiae, Gymnopilus spp., Hypholoma tuberosum, Melanotus hartii, Panaeolus uliginosus, Stropharia rugosoannulata, Dermocybe semisanguinea, Dermocybe spp., Helicoma monilipes, Helicoma spp., Tubeufia helicomyces, Tubeufia spp., Leohumicola verrucosa, Leptosphaerulina chartarum, Macrophoma spp., Marssonina rosae, Botryotinia fuckeliana, Pestalotiopsis spp., Chrysosporium carmichaelii, Chrysosporium spp., Dactylella oxyspora, Dactylellina lobatum, Cucurbitaceae spp., Chrysophyllum sparsiflorum, Chrysophyllum spp., Blumeria graminis, Sawadaea polyfida, Sawadaea spp., Parauncinula septata, Erysiphe mori, Erysiphe spp., Typhulochaeta japonica, Golovinomyces orontii, Golovinomyces spp., Podosphaera xanthii, Podosphaera spp., Arthrocladiella mougeotii, Neoerysiphe galeopsidis, Phyllactinia kakicola, Phyllactinia spp., Cyphellophora laciniata, Sphaerographium tenuirostrum, Microsphaera trifolii, Sphaerotheca spiraeae, Sphaerotheca spp., Uncinuliella australiana, Absidia corymbifera, Absidia spp., Geotrichum spp., Nectria curta, Anamika lactariolens, Hebeloma velutipes, Stropharia ambigua, Agrocybe praecox, Hydnum rufescens, Hydnum spp., Meliniomyces variabilis, Rhizoscyphus ericae, Cryptosporiopsis ericae, Hyalodendron spp., Leptographium lundbergii, Leptographium spp., Termitomyces spp., Coccidioides posadasii, Coccidioides immitis, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, Phomopsis spp., Metarhizium anisopliae, Cordyceps spp., Tilletiopsis washingtonensis, Cerrena unicolor, Stachybotrys chartarum, Phaeococcomyces nigricans, Ganoderma philippii, Ganoderma spp., Gloeophyllum sepiarium, Cystotheca lanestris, Leveillula taurica, Phyllactinia fraxini, Varicosporium elodeae, Rhinocladiella basitonum, Melanchlenus oligospermus, Clavispora lusitaniae, Rhizopus spp., Phizomucor spp., Mucor spp., Conidiobolus coronatus, Conidobolus spp., Basidiobolus ranarum, basidiobolus spp., Ochronis spp., Histoplasma capsulatum, histoplasma spp., Wilcoxina mikolae, Lasiodiplodia spp., Physcia caesia, Physcia spp., Brachyconidiellopsis spp., Conocybe lacteal, Gastrocybe lateritia, Gastrocybe spp., Agrocybe semiorbicularis, Taphrina pruni, Taphrina spp., Asterophora parasitica, Asterophora spp., Eremothecium ashbyi, Tricladium splendens, Ramaria flava, Ramaria spp., Laccaria fraternal, Scutellospora spp., Illosporium carneum, Hobsonia christiansenii, Marchandiomyces corallinus, Fusicoccum luteum, Botryosphaeria ribis, Pseudozyma aphidis, Pseudozyma spp., Pesotum erubescens, Battarrea stevenii, Battarrea spp., Harposporium janus, Harposporium spp., Hirsutella rhossiliensis, Arthroderma ciferrii, Arthroderma spp., Pucciniastrum goeppertianum, Cronartium occidentale, Cronartium arizonicum, Cronartium spp., Peridermium harknessii, Peridermium spp., Chrysomyxa arctostaphyli, Holleya sinecauda, Holleya spp., Zoophthora radicans, Smittium culisetae, Auxarthron zuffianum, Renispora flavissima, Ctenomyces serratus, and Sporothrix schenckii.

Standard methods in the art may be used to determine homology. For example the UWGCG Package provides the BESTFIT program which can be used to calculate homology, for example used on its default settings (Devereux et al., Nucleic Acids Research, 1984; 12: 387-395). The PILEUP and BLAST algorithms can be used to calculate homology or line up sequences (such as identifying equivalent residues or corresponding sequences (typically on their default settings)), for example as described in Altschul J Mol Evol, 1993; 36: 290-300; Altschul, et al (J Mol Biol, 1990; 215: 403-10). Software for performing BLAST analyses is publicly available through the National Center for Biotechnology Information

-   (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/).

In one embodiment, the universal region itself is detected. In another embodiment, RNA transcribed from the universal region is detected. The presence in the sample of RNA transcribed from a universal region is itself indicative of the presence of the universal region in the sample. The manner in which the universal region or any RNA transcribed therefrom is detected is discussed in more detail below.

The universal region or the RNA transcribed therefrom is typically extracted from fungal cells present in the sample before it is detected. The universal region can be extracted using routine methods known in the art. For instance, suitable methods for extracting fungal DNA are disclosed in Fredricks et al., J. Clin. Microbiol., 2005; 43(1): 5122-5128, US Patent Application No. 2002/0115077, and U.S. Pat. No. 6,605,439. Suitable methods of extracting fungal RNA are disclosed in the art, such as the lithium chloride purification method disclosed in Sambrook et al., 2001, Molecular Cloning: a laboratory manual, 3^(rd) edition, Cold Spring Harbour Laboratory Press. Kits for the extraction of fungal RNA, such as the RNeasy mini kit (Qiagen), are also commercially available.

The universal region can be detected using any method known in the art. The universal region is preferably detected using a probe that specifically hybridizes to the universal region. Typically, the detecting comprises contacting the probe with the sample under conditions in which the probe specifically hybridizes to the region, if present, and determining the presence or absence of the hybridization product. The presence of the hybridization product indicates the presence of the universal region. Conversely, the absence of the hybridization product indicates the absence of the universal region.

The probe is typically a nucleic acid, such as DNA, RNA, PNA or a synthetic nucleic acid. A probe specifically hybridizes to the universal region if it preferentially or selectively hybridizes to the universal region but does not hybridize to any other DNA or RNA sequences.

The probe preferably specifically hybridizes to the universal region under stringent conditions. Conditions that permit the hybridization are well-known in the art (for example, Sambrook et al., 2001, Molecular Cloning: a laboratory manual, 3^(rd) edition, Cold Spring Harbour Laboratory Press; and Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, Chapter 2, Ausubel et al., Eds., Greene Publishing and Wiley-Interscience, New York (1995)). Detection can be carried out under low stringency conditions, for example in the presence of a buffered solution of 30 to 35% formamide, 1 M NaCl and 1% SDS (sodium dodecyl sulfate) at 37° C. followed by a wash in from 1× (0.1650 M Na⁺) to 2× (0.33 M Na⁺) SSC (standard sodium citrate) at 50° C. Detection can be carried out under moderate stringency conditions, for example in the presence of a buffer solution of 40 to 45% formamide, 1 M NaCl, and 1% SDS at 37° C., followed by a wash in from 0.5× (0.0825 M Na⁺) to 1×0 (0.1650 M Na⁺) SSC at 55° C. Detection can be carried out under high stringency conditions, for example in the presence of a buffered solution of 50% formamide, 1 M NaCl, 1% SDS at 37° C., followed by a wash in 0.1× (0.0165 M Na⁺) SSC at 60° C.

The probe can be the same length as, shorter than or longer than the universal region. The probe is typically at least 5, at least 6, at least 7, at least 8, at least 9, at least 10, at least 15, at least 20, at least 25, at least 30, at least 35, at least 45, at least 50, at least 75 or at least 100 nucleotides in length. For example, the probe can be from 5 to 200, from 7 to 100, from 10 to 50 nucleotides in length. The probe is preferably 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35 or 40 nucleotides in length. The probe preferably includes a sequence that shares at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99% homology based on sequence identity with the universal region. Homology can be determined as discussed above.

The probe is detectably-labelled. The detectable label allows the presence or absence of the hybridization product formed by specific hybridization between the probe and the universal region (and thereby the presence or absence of the universal region) to be determined. Any label can be used. Suitable labels include, but are not limited to, fluorescent molecules, radioisotopes, e.g. ¹²⁵I, ³⁵S, enzymes, antibodies and linkers such as biotin.

The probe can be a scorpion probe, which is a probe linked to primer. The primer part of the probe can be designed to amplify the region of fungal DNA to be detected and the probe part can designed to detect the amplified region. Scorpion probes are well-known in the art. They are described in, for example, Whitcombe et al. (Nat. Biotechnol., 1994; 117: 804-807).

The probe can be a molecular beacon probe. Molecular beacon probes comprise a fluorescent label at one end and a quenching molecule at the other. In the absence of the region to be detected, the probe forms a hairpin loop and the quenching molecule is brought into close proximity with the fluorescent label so that no signal can be detected. Upon hybridization of the probe to the region to be detected, the loop unzips and the fluorescent molecule is separated from the quencher such that a signal can be detected. Suitable fluorescent molecule and quencher combinations for use in molecular beacons are known in the art. Such combinations include, but are not limited to, carboxyfluorsecein (FAM) and dabcyl. The probe is preferably the molecular beacon shown in SEQ ID NO: 4, SEQ ID NO: 44 or SEQ ID NO: 45.

The region of fungal DNA can be detected using TaqMan PCR. This technique is well-known in the art.

The probe may be immobilised on a support using any technology which is known in the art. Suitable solid supports are well-known in the art and include plates, such as multi well plates, filters, membranes, beads, chips, pins, dipsticks and porous carriers. The nanoparticles may be immobilised on a support using any technology which is known in the art.

The detecting of the universal region preferably comprises the step of amplifying the universal region or the RNA transcribed therefrom. In one embodiment, the region is amplified before its presence is determined. In another embodiment, the region is detected in real time as its presence is determined. Real-time methods are disclosed in the Examples and have been described in the art. Such methods are described in, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,487,972 and Afonia et al. (Biotechniques, 2002; 32: 946-9).

In one embodiment, only the region to be detected is amplified. In other embodiments, the region to be detected is amplified as part of a much larger length of fungal DNA or RNA. Sequences of DNA or RNA having at least 10, at least 20, at least 30, at least 40, at least 50, at least 60, at least 70, at least 80, at least 90, at least 100, at least 150, at least 200, at least 250, at least 300, at least 400 or at least 500 nucleotides and comprising the region to be detected can be amplified. For example, sequences having from 10 to 2000, from 20 to 1500, from 50 to 1000 or from 100 to 500 nucleotides can be amplified.

The DNA or RNA can be amplified using routine methods that are known in the art. The amplification of fungal DNA is preferably carried out using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or nucleic acid sequence based analysis (NASBA). Suitable methods for PCR are disclosed in, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 6,605,439, EP-B-0979312 and Buchheidt et al. (British Journal of Haematology, 2002; 116: 8030811).

A suitable method for the amplification of fungal DNA by NASBA is described in Widjojoatmodjo et al., J. Microbiol. Methods, 1999; 38(1-2): 81-90.

Fungal RNA can be amplified using routine methods in the art, such as reverse transcription-PCR.

A person skilled in the art will be able to design specific primers to amplify the universal region. Primers are normally designed to be complementary to sequences at either end of the sequence to be amplified but not complementary to any other sequences. Primer design is discussed in, for example, Sambrook et al., 2001, supra.

Primers that amplify the 18S region are disclosed in, for example, Buchheidt et al. (British Journal of Haematology, 2002; 116: 8030811) and Makimura et al. (Japan J. Med. Sci. Biol., 1994; 47: 144-156.

The universal region is preferably amplified using (a) the primers shown in SEQ ID NOs: 2 and 3; or (b) one of the sense primers shown in SEQ ID NOs: 48 and 50 and one of the antisense primers shown in SEQ ID NOs: 49 and 51.

The universal region or RNA transcribed therefrom is extracted from fungal cells and so may be contaminated with one or factors that interfere with the amplification and/or detection steps. For this reason, the universal region is typically detected in the presence of an internal PCR amplification control. This ensures that any DNA present in the sample is amplified correctly. The internal PCR amplification control preferably comprises a non-fungal sequence. The universal region is preferably detected in the presence of a cloned or synthesized tRNA-LEU intron region added to the amplification mixture in a predetermined amount to rule out the presence of inhibitors or other defective amplification steps. The tRNA-LEU intron region preferably comprises a portion of the Maize (Zea mayis) tRNA-LEU intron region as shown in SEQ ID NO: 9. The sequence of the Maize (Zea mayis) tRNA-LEU intron region lacks homology with any sequence present in humans or pathogenic fungal species. The internal PCR amplification control preferably involves detecting a specific portion of SEQ ID NO: 9 as shown in SEQ ID NO: 10. SEQ ID NO: 10 can be detected using a detectably-labelled probe that specifically hybridizes to SEQ ID NO: 10 as described above. The probe preferably includes a sequence that shares at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99% homology based on sequence identity with SEQ ID NO: 10. The probe more preferably comprises a sequence that is identical to SEQ ID NO: 10. The detection of SEQ ID NO: 10 is most preferably carried out using the pair of oligonucleotides primers shown in SEQ ID NOs: 11 and 12 and the molecular beacon as shown in SEQ ID NO: 13. The primers are capable of amplifying a sequence within the Maize (Zea mayis) tRNA-LEU intron region that contains SEQ ID NO: 10 as shown in Table 1 and the molecular beacon is capable of specifically detecting the presence of SEQ ID NO: 10.

Genera Detection Methods

The invention also provides methods for the rapid detection of the presence or absence in a sample of a fungus belonging to the genus Candida, Aspergillus or Pneumocystis. The methods give a rapid indication of whether or not a fungus belonging to the genus Candida, Aspergillus or Pneumocystis is contained within a sample. The methods involve detecting in the sample a region of fungal DNA that is specific for Candida, Aspergillus or Pneumocystis. The presence in a sample of a region of fungal DNA that is specific for a particular genus is indicative of the presence of a fungus belonging to that genus in the sample. The absence from the sample of a region of fungal DNA that is specific for a particular genus is indicative of the absence of a fungus belonging to that genus from the sample. A region of DNA that is specific for a genus is a region of DNA that is only present in that genus of fungi. Hence, a region of fungal DNA that is specific for a genus is present in the genomes of all the species of the genus but is not present in the genomes of species of other fungal genera. A region of fungal DNA that is specific for a genus is not present in the genome of any other organism, particularly micro-organisms such as a bacteria or a virus.

The methods for detecting the presence or absence of a fungus belonging to the genera Candida and Aspergillus can be carried out on any sample. The method for detecting the presence or absence of a fungus belonging to the genus Pneumocystis is carried out on a sample obtained from a human. Specific types of sample are discussed in more detail below. In one embodiment, the methods are carried out on a sample that is known to contain a fungus. For instance, the methods can be carried out on a sample that has already undergone the panfungal detection method described above and a positive result was achieved. The methods can be carried out on a sample to confirm the identity of one or more fungi whose presence in the sample is known. In another embodiment, the methods are carried on a sample whose fungus-containing status is not known. The methods are typically carried out on a sample that is suspected of a fungus belonging to the genus Candida, Aspergillus or Pneumocystis.

SEQ ID NO: 5 shows a region of fungal DNA that is specific for Candida. The method for detecting the presence or absence of a fungus belonging to the genus Candida comprises detecting in the sample the presence or absence of a region of fungal DNA that shares at least 80% homology or sequence identity with SEQ ID NO: 5. The region preferably shares at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98% or at least 99% homology or sequence identity with SEQ ID NO: 5. The sequence is more preferably identical to SEQ ID NO: 5. Homology can be determined as described above.

This method can be used to detect the presence or absence of any species of fungus belonging to the genus Candida. The fungus can be Candida albicans, Candida dubliniensis, Candida famata, Candida glabrata, Candida guilliermondii, Candida haemulonii, Candida keyfyr, Candida krusei, Candida lusitaniae, Candida lipolytica, Candida norvegensis, Candida parapsilosis, Candida tropicalis, Candida viswanathii, Candida inconspicua, Candida catenulata (also known as Candida brumptii and Candida ravautii), Candida pseudotropicalis, Candida parapsilosis, Candida metapsilosis, Candida orthopsilosis, Candida ciferrii, Candida famata, Candida lipolytica, Candida norvegensis, Candida rugosa, Candida viswanathii or Candida zeylanoides.

SEQ ID NO: 14 shows a region of fungal DNA that is specific for Aspergillus. The method for detecting the presence or absence of a fungus belonging to the genus Aspergillus comprises detecting in the sample the presence or absence of a region of fungal DNA that shares at least 80% homology or sequence identity with SEQ ID NO: 14. The region preferably shares at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98% or at least 99% homology or sequence identity with SEQ ID NO: 14. The sequence is more preferably identical to SEQ ID NO: 14. Homology can be determined as described above.

This method can be used to detect the presence or absence of any species of fungus belonging to the genus Aspergillus. The fungus can be Aspergillus alliaceus, Aspergillus alutaceus, Aspergillus atroviolaceus, Aspergillus caesiellus, Aspergillus candidus, Aspergillus carneus, Aspergillus chevalieri, Aspergillus clavato-nanicus, Aspergillus clavatus, Aspergillus conicus, Aspergillus deflectus, Aspergillus fischerianus, Aspergillus flavipes, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus glaucus, Aspergillus hollandicus, Aspergillus janus, Aspergillus japonicus, Aspergillus nidulans, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus niger var. awamorii, Aspergillus niveus, Aspergillus ochraceus, Aspergillus oryzae, Aspergillus penicilloides, Aspergillus reptans, Aspergillus restrictus, Aspergillus rubrobrunneus, Aspergillus spinosus, Aspergillus sydowii, Aspergillus tamarii, Aspergillus terreus, Aspergillus tetrazonus, Aspergillus unguis, Aspergillus ustus or Aspergillus versicolor.

SEQ ID NO: 18 shows a region of fungal DNA that is specific for Pneumocystis. The method for detecting the presence or absence of a fungus belonging to the genus Pneumocystis comprises detecting in the sample the presence or absence of a region of fungal DNA that shares at least 80% homology with SEQ ID NO: 18. The region preferably shares at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98% or at least 99% homology or sequence identity with SEQ ID NO: 18. The sequence is more preferably identical to SEQ ID NO: 18. Homology can be determined as described above.

This method can be used to detect the presence or absence of any species of fungus belonging to the genus Pneumocystis. The fungus can be Pneumocystis carinii or Pneumocystis jirovecii.

In one embodiment, the region of fungal DNA that is specific for Candida, Aspergillus or Pneumocystis (i.e. that is homologous to SEQ ID NO: 5, 14 and 18) is itself detected. In another embodiment, any RNA transcribed from the region is detected.

In one embodiment, only the region of fungal DNA is detected. In another embodiment, the region of fungal DNA is detected as part of larger sequence. For instance, the region can be detected as part of a sequence that has flanking sequences as described above with reference to the panfungal detection method.

The region of fungal DNA or any RNA transcribed therefrom can be extracted as described above with reference to the panfungal detection method.

The region of fungal DNA or any RNA transcribed therefrom can be detected using any method described above with reference to the panfungal method. The detecting of the region of fungal DNA preferably comprises the step of amplifying the fungal DNA or any RNA transcribed therefrom as described above with reference to the panfungal detection method.

The region of fungal DNA that is specific for Candida (i.e. the region that is homologous to SEQ ID NO: 5) is preferably detected using the molecular beacon probe shown in SEQ ID NO: 8. The region of fungal DNA that is specific for Candida is preferably amplified using the primers shown in SEQ ID NOs: 6 and 7.

The region of fungal DNA that is specific for Aspergillus (i.e. the region that is homologous to SEQ ID NO: 14) is preferably detected using the molecular beacon probe shown in SEQ ID NO: 17. The region of fungal DNA that is specific for Aspergillus is preferably amplified using (a) the primers shown in SEQ ID NOs: 15 and 16; or (b) the primers shown in SEQ ID NOs: 46 and 47.

The region of fungal DNA that is specific for Pneumocystis (i.e. the region that is homologous to SEQ ID NO: 18) is preferably detected using the molecular beacon probe shown in SEQ ID NO: 21. The region of fungal DNA that is specific for Pneumocystis is preferably amplified using the primers shown in SEQ ID NOs: 19 and 20.

The molecular beacon probes used in any of the above genus detection methods are detectably-labelled. The molecular beacon probes can be labelled in any manner described above with reference to the panfungal detection method.

The region of fungal DNA is typically detected in these methods in the presence of an internal PCR amplification control as described above with reference to the panfungal detection method.

Two or three of the above methods can be carried out simultaneously. Hence, the presence or absence of fungi belonging to (i) Candida and Aspergillus, (ii) Candida and Pneumocystis or (iii) Aspergillus and Pneumocystis can be simultaneously detected in a sample. Similarly, the presence or absence of fungi belonging to Candida, Aspergillus and Pneumocystis can be simultaneously detected in a sample. Simultaneous detection means that the fungi belonging to the two or more genera are detected at the same time. The two or more genera are typically detected in the same volume of sample. In other words, the two or more genera are not typically detected in different aliquots of the sample. One, two or three of the above methods for detecting the presence or absence of fungi belonging to Candida, Aspergillus and Pneumocystis can be carried out simultaneously in a multiplex reaction with one or more of the panfungal detection methods described above and/or with one or more of the species detection methods described below. For instance, the presence or absence of (i) any fungus (i.e. panfungal) and a fungus belonging to Candida, (ii) any fungus and a fungus belonging to Aspergillus, (iii) any fungus and a fungus belonging to Pneumocystis, (iv) any fungus, a fungus belonging to Candida and a fungus belonging to Aspergillus, (v) any fungus, a fungus belonging to Candida and a fungus belonging to Pneumocystis, or (vi) any fungus, a fungus belonging to Aspergillus and a fungus belonging to Pneumocystis, can be simultaneously detected in a sample. Any of embodiments (i) to (vi) can further involve the simultaneous detection of the presence or absence of one or more, such as 2, 3, 4 or 5, of Candida tropicalis, Candida parapsilosis, Candida albicans, Candida glabrata or Candida krusei. Alternatively, the presence or absence of a fungus belonging to one, two or three of Candida, Aspergillus and Pneumocystis and one or more, such as 2, 3, 4 or 5, of Candida tropicalis, Candida parapsilosis, Candida albicans, Candida glabrata and Candida krusei can be simultaneously detected in a sample. The methods are typically carried out simultaneously in the same volume of sample, i.e. they are not typically carried out in different aliquots of the sample.

If more than one of the methods are carried out simultaneously, the different probes used to detect the different regions of fungal DNA (which indicate the presence or absence of a fungus or the different genera or species) are typically labelled with different labels. Probes having different labels are preferable when the different regions of fungal DNA are being detected simultaneously in the same volume of sample. When the two or more fungi are being detected in the same volume of sample, it must be possible to distinguish between the different labels and hence detect the different regions of fungal DNA. For instance, fluorescent molecules that emit different wavelengths of light can be used. A suitable group of fluorescent labels, each of which can be simultaneously detected, is HEX hexachlorofluorescein phosphoramidite (HEX), carboxyfluorescein (FAM), Cy®5 and Texas Red®. Other suitable groups of labels are known in the art.

Species Detection Methods

The invention also provides methods for the rapid detection of the presence or absence of in a sample of a fungus belonging to the species Candida tropicalis, Candida parapsilosis, Candida albicans, Candida glabrata or Candida krusei. The fungus belonging to the species Candida parapsilosis can belong to group I (also known as Candida parapsilosis), group II (also known as Candida orthopsilosis) or group III (also known as Candida metapsilosis). The methods give a rapid indication of whether or not a fungus belonging to the particular species are contained within a sample. The methods involve detecting in the sample a region of fungal DNA using specific molecular beacon probes. The specific molecular beacon probes detect regions of fungal DNA that are specific for each species. These regions are shown as shaded boxes that only span the sequence of one species in FIG. 5 (SEQ ID NOs: 30, 34, 36, 38 and 40). A region of DNA that is specific for a species is a region of DNA that is only present in that species of fungi. Hence, a region of fungal DNA that is specific for a species is not present in the genomes of other species, even those of the same genus. A region of fungal DNA that is specific for a genus is not present in the genome of any other organism, particularly micro-organisms such as a bacteria or a virus. The presence in the sample of the region of DNA that is specific for a particular species is indicative of the presence of a fungus belonging to that species in the sample. The absence from the sample of the region of DNA that is specific for a particular species is indicative of the absence of a fungus belonging to that species from the sample.

The methods can be carried out on any sample. Specific types of sample are discussed in more detail below. In one embodiment, the methods are carried out on a sample that is known to contain a fungus as described above with reference to the panfungal detection method. In another embodiment, the methods are carried on a sample whose fungus-containing status is not known. The methods are typically carried out on a sample that is suspected of a fungus belonging to the species Candida tropicalis, Candida parapsilosis, Candida albicans, Candida glabrata or Candida krusei.

In one embodiment, the region of fungal DNA is itself detected. In another embodiment, any RNA transcribed from the region is detected.

In one embodiment, only the region of fungal DNA is detected. In another embodiment, the region of fungal DNA is detected as part of larger sequence. For instance, the region can be detected as part of a sequence that has flanking sequences as discussed above with reference to the panfungal detection method.

The region of fungal DNA or any RNA transcribed therefrom can be extracted as described above with reference to the panfungal detection method.

The presence or absence of the region of fungal DNA that is specific for Candida tropicalis is detected using the molecular beacon probe shown in SEQ ID NO: 33. The presence or absence of the region of fungal DNA that is specific for Candida parapsilosis is detected using the molecular beacon probe shown in SEQ ID NO: 35. The presence or absence of the region of fungal DNA that is specific for Candida albicans is detected using the molecular beacon probe shown in SEQ ID NO: 37. The presence or absence of the region of fungal DNA that is specific for Candida glabrata is detected using the molecular beacon probe shown in SEQ ID NO: 39. The presence or absence of the region of fungal DNA that is specific for Candida krusei is detected using the molecular beacon probe shown in SEQ ID NO: 43. The molecular beacon probes are detectably-labelled. The molecular beacon probes can be labelled in any manner described above with reference to the panfungal detection method.

The detecting of the region of fungal DNA preferably comprises the step of amplifying the fungal DNA or any RNA transcribed therefrom as described above with reference to the panfungal detection method. The region of fungal DNA in any one of the five species is preferably amplified using the primers shown in SEQ ID NOs: 31 and 32. The region of fungal DNA in Candida krusei can be detected using the primers shown in SEQ ID NOs: 41 and 42.

The region of fungal DNA is typically detected in these methods in the presence of an internal PCR amplification control as described above with reference to the panfungal detection method.

More than one of the above species detection methods can be carried out simultaneously. In particular, 2, 3, 4 or 5 of the methods can be carried out simultaneously in any combination. Hence, the presence or absence of fungi belonging to 2, 3, 4 or 5 of the particular species can be simultaneously detecting in a sample. Simultaneous detection means that the fungi belonging to the two or more species are detected at the same time. The two or more species are typically detected in the same volume of sample. In other words, the two or more species are not typically detected in different aliquots of the sample. One or more, such 2, 3, 4 or 5, of the above methods for detecting the presence or absence of particular species of Candida can be carried out simultaneously with one or more of the panfungal detection methods described above and/or one or more, such as 2 or 3, of the genus detection methods described above. For instance, in addition to the combinations described above, the presence or absence of any fungus (i.e. panfungal) and one or more, such as 2, 3, 4 or 5, of Candida tropicalis, Candida parapsilosis, Candida albicans, Candida glabrata and Candida krusei can be simultaneously detected in a sample. The methods are typically carried out simultaneously in the same volume of sample, i.e. they are not typically carried out in different aliquots of the sample.

When more than one of the particular species is being detected simultaneously, the different regions of fungal DNA (which indicate the different species) are preferably amplified using the primers shown in SEQ ID NOs: 31 and 32. These primers will amplify the appropriate region in each of the five particular species of fungus.

If the two or three of the methods are carried out simultaneously, the different probes used to detect the different regions of fungal DNA (which indicate the presence or absence of a fungus or the different genera or species) are typically labelled with different labels as discussed above with reference to the genus detection methods.

Sample

The sample used in the invention may be any suitable sample. The invention is typically carried out on a biological sample. The invention is preferably carried out in vitro on a biological sample. The biological sample can be obtained from or extracted from any organism. The organism is typically eukaryotic and can belong the plantae kingdom or the animalia kingdom. The sample can be a colony of fungus.

The sample is preferably a fluid sample. The sample typically comprises a body fluid. The sample may be urine, lymph, saliva, cerebrospinal fluid, peritoneal fluid, pericardial fluid, vitreous or other ocular sample, plural fluid, vaginal fluid, mucus, pus or amniotic fluid but is preferably blood, plasma or serum. The sample can be a cell or tissue sample, such as lung, brain, liver, skin or nails.

Typically, the sample is human in origin, but alternatively it may be non-human. To instance, the sample can be from animals such as from commercially farmed animals such as horses, cattle, sheep or pigs or may alternatively be pets such as cats or dogs. The sample can also be from other organisms, such as insects. The sample can be from a human or non-human animal undergoing treatment with an anti-fungal agent.

The invention can also be carried out on a non-biological sample. The non-biological sample can be a fluid or a solid. Examples of a non-biological sample include surgical fluids, air, water such as drinking water, reagents for laboratory tests and household containers. The sample may also be a particle collection device containing air, water, another liquid or a material.

The sample is typically processed prior to being used in the invention, for example by centrifugation or by passage through a membrane that filters out unwanted molecules or cells, such as red blood cells. The sample may have undergone polymerase chain reaction before being used in the invention. The sample may be measured immediately upon being taken. The sample may also be stored prior to assay, preferably below −70° C.

Kits

The invention also provides various kits for carrying out the methods of the invention. In particular, the invention provides a kit:

for the rapid detection of the presence or absence of any fungus in a sample, comprising (a) the molecular beacon probe shown in SEQ ID NO: 4 and the primers shown in SEQ ID NOs: 2 and 3; (b) the molecular beacon probe shown in SEQ ID NO: 44, one or both of the sense primers shown in SEQ ID NOs: 48 and 50 and one or both of the antisense primers shown in SEQ ID NOs: 49 and 51; or (c) the molecular beacon probe shown in SEQ ID NO: 45, one or both of the sense primers shown in SEQ ID NOs: 48 and 50 and one or both of the antisense primers shown in SEQ ID NOs: 49 and 51;

for the rapid detection of the presence or absence a fungus belonging to the genus Candida in a sample, comprising the molecular beacon probe shown in SEQ ID NO: 8 and the primers shown in SEQ ID NOs: 6 and 7;

for the rapid detection of the presence or absence of a fungus belonging to the genus Aspergillus in a sample, comprising the molecular beacon probe shown in SEQ ID NO: 17 and (a) the primers shown in SEQ ID NOs: 15 and 16 or (b) primers shown in SEQ ID NOs: 46 and 47; and

for the rapid detection of the presence or absence of a fungus belonging to the genus Pneumocystis in a sample, comprising the molecular beacon probe shown in SEQ ID NO: 21 and the primers shown in SEQ ID NOs: 19 and 20; and

for the rapid detection of the presence or absence of a fungus belonging to a particular species of Candida in a sample, comprising the primers shown in SEQ ID NOs: 31 and 32 or 41 and 42 and one or more of the molecular beacon probes shown in SEQ ID NOs 33, 35, 37, 39 and 43.

The kit for the rapid detection of the presence or absence of a fungus belonging to a particular species of Candida in a sample can comprise 1, 2, 3, 4 or all 5 of the molecular beacon probes shown in SEQ ID NOs 33, 35, 37, 39 and 43 in any combination.

The kits preferably further comprise reagents for extracting fungal DNA or RNA from a sample and/or primers that can be used to amplify the region of fungal DNA and/or an internal control for the amplification and detection stages. The internal control preferably comprises the portion of the Maize (i Zea mayis) tRNA-LEU intron region shown in SEQ ID NO: 9, the pair of oligonucleotides primers shown in SEQ ID NOs: 11 and 12 and the molecular beacon probe shown in SEQ ID NO: 13. The kit may additionally comprise one or more other reagents or instruments which enable the method of the invention as described above to be carried out. Such reagents or instruments include one or more of the following: suitable buffer(s) (aqueous solutions), means to obtain a sample from the subject (such as a vessel or an instrument comprising a needle) or a support comprising wells on which reactions can be done. Reagants may be present in the kit in a dry state such that a fluid sample resuspends the reagents. The kit may, optionally, comprise instructions to enable the kit to be used in a method of the invention.

Uses of the Invention

The invention concerns the detection and identification of a fungus in a sample. The invention can therefore be used for the diagnosis of a fungal infection in a patient. The invention can also be used to determine the presence of a fungus in or on any non-biological product and hence the likelihood that the product will cause a fungal infection. There are many situations in which it is important to ensure that a non-biological sample is fungus free. Examples include drinking water and liquids used in laboratories. In particular, the invention may be used to pretest the components in a fungal diagnostic kit to ensure the components are free from fungal nucleic acid (i.e. a quality control step). Other uses of the invention are clear to a person skilled in the art.

EXAMPLES

TABLE 1 the sequences of the primers and probes used in the Examples I-Panfungal Sequence detected: TCGATTCCGGAGAGGGAGC (SEQ ID NO: 1) Sequence detected: CTGCGGCTTAATTTGACTCA (SEQ ID NO: 52) Sequence detected: ACATCCAAGGAAGGCAGCAG (SEQ ID NO: 53) Ia-Panfungal Oligonucleotide Primers 5′-GCCCTTATCAACTTTCGATGG-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 2) 5′-GCCTTCCTTGGATGTGGTAG-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 3) Ib Panfungal Molecular Beacon Probe 5′-CGCGATTCGATTCCGGAGAGGGAGCATCGCG-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 4) (Hairpin structure nucleotides italicized) II-Candida Sequence detected: GATGATTCATAATAACTTTTCG (SEQ ID NO: 5) IIa-Candida Oligonucleotide Primers 5′-TAGATAAAAAATCAATGCCTTCGG-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 6) 5′-CATGGTAGGCCACTATCCTAC-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 7) IIb-Candida Molecular Beacon Probe 5′-CGCGATGATGATTCATAATAACTTTTCGATCGCG-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 8) (Hairpin structure nucleotides italicized) III-Internal Control Portion of the Maize (Zea mayis) tRNA-LEU intron region (SEQ ID NO: 9)   1 TAATGAATTCAATGATTCAAAAAAAACTAAGAGATGGATTAAATTATACAAGGAATCCTG  61 GTTTCAAAGAAAAGTAAAATGGGGATATGGCGAAATCGGTAGACGCTACGGACTTGATTG 121 TATTGAGCCTTGGTATGGAAACCTGCTAAGTGGTAACTTCCAAATTCAGAGAAACCCTGG 181 AATGAAAAATGGGCAATCCTGAGCCAAATCCCTTTTTTGAAAAACAAGTGGTTCTCAAAC 241 TAGAACCCAAAGGAAAAGGATAGGTGCAGAGACTCAATGGAAGCTGTTCTAACGAATCGA 301 AGTAATAACGATTAATCACAGAACCCATATTATAATATAGGTTCTTTATTTTATTTTTAG 361 AATGAAATTAGGAATGATTATGAAATAGAAAATTCATAATTTTTTTTTAGAATTATTGTG 421 AATCTATTCCAATCAAATATTGAGTAATCAAATCCTTCAATTCATTGTTTTCGAGATCTT 481 TTAATTTTAAAAAGTGGATTAATCGGACGAGGATAAAGAGAGAGTCCCATTCTACATGTC 541 AATACTGACAACAATGAAATTTCTAGTAAAAGGAAAATCCGTCGACTTTATAAGTCGTGA 601 GGGTTCAAGTCCCTCTATCCCCAAACCCTCTTTTATTCCC

The sequence highlighted in bold (SEQ ID NO: 10) was detected using the molecular beacon probe shown below (SEQ ID NO: 13). The sequences underlined show the sequences to which the primers shown below (SEQ ID NOs: 11 and 12) bind.

IIIa-Internal Control Oligonucleotide Primers (SEQ ID NO: 11) 5′-CCTGCTAAGTGGTAACTTCC-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 12) 5′-TGAGTCTCTGCACCTATCCT-3′ IIIb-Internal Control Molecular Beacon Probe (SEQ ID NO: 13) 5′-CGCACGCAATCCTGAGCCAAATCCCTCGTGCG-3′ (Hairpin structure nucleotides italicized) IV-Aspergillus (SEQ ID NO: 14) Sequence detected: AGTTGAACCTTGGGTCTGGC IVa-Aspergillus Oligonucleotide Primers (SEQ ID NO: 15) 5′-GGTAATTCCAGCTCCAATAG-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 16) 5′-GGCCTGCTTTGAACACTCTAA-3′ IVb-Aspergillus Molecular Beacon Probe (SEQ ID NO: 17) 5′-CGCGATAGTTGAACCTTGGGTCTGGCATCGCG-3′ (Hairpin structure nucleotides italicized) V-Pneumocystis (SEQ ID NO: 18) Sequence detected: CTAGGATATAGCTGGTTTTCTGC Va-Pneumocystis Oligonucleotide Primers (SEQ ID NO: 19) 5′-GCAAAGTACTCAGAAGAATTGTGG-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 20) 5′-TCCCTCGAGATATTCAGTGC-3′ Vb-Pneumocystis Molecular Beacon Probe (SEQ ID NO: 21) 5′-CGCAGCCTAGGATATAGCTGGTTTTCTGCGCTGCG-3′ (Hairpin structure nucleotides italicized) VI-Candida tropicalis (SEQ ID NO: 30) Sequence detected: CCTTTTGGCGAACCCAGGAC VIa-Oligonucleotide Primers (SEQ ID NO: 31) 5′-ATTGGAGGGCAAGTCTGGTG-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 32) 5′-CCGATCCCTAGTCGGCATAG-3′ VIb-Candida tropicalis Molecular Beacon Probe (SEQ ID NO: 33) 5′-CGCAGCCCTTTTGGCGAACCCAGGACGCTGCG-3′ (Hairpin structure nucleotides italicized) VII-Candida parapsilosis (SEQ ID NO: 34) Sequence detected: TCTGGCTAGCCTTTTTGGCG VIIa-Oligonucleotide Primers-SEQ ID NOs: 31 and 32 above VIIb-Candida parapsilosis Molecular Beacon Probe (SEQ ID NO: 35) 5′-CGGACGTCTGGCTAGCCTTTTTGGCGCGTCCG-3′ (Hairpin structure nucleotides italicized) VIII-Candida albicans (SEQ ID NO: 36) Sequence detected: TTCTGGGTAGCCATTTATGG VIIIa-Oligonucleotide Primers-SEQ ID NOs: 31 and 32 above VIIIb-Candida albicans Molecular Beacon Probe (SEQ ID NO: 37) 5′-CGGACGTTCTGGGTAGCCATTTATGGCGTCCG-3′ (Hairpin structure nucleotides italicized) IX-Candida glabrata (SEQ ID NO: 38) Sequence detected: GCTAACCCCAAGTCCTTGTG IXa-Oligonucleotide Primers-SEQ ID NOs: 31 and 32 above IXb-Candida glabrata Molecular Beacon Probe (SEQ ID NO: 39) 5′-CGGACGGCTAACCCCAAGTCCTTGTGCGTCCG-3′ (Hairpin structure nucleotides italicized) X-Candida krusei (SEQ ID NO: 40) Sequence detected: TCGGGCGAACCAGGACGATT Xa-Oligonucleotide Primers SEQ ID NOs: 31 and 32 above OR (SEQ ID NO: 41) 5′-GCAGTTAAAAAGCTCGTAGTTGAAC-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 42) 5′-AAAGGCCTGCTTTGAACACTCT-3′ Xb-Candida krusei Molecular Beacon Probe (SEQ ID NO: 43) 5′-CGCAGCTCGGGCGAACCAGGACGATTGCTGCG-3′ (Hairpin structure nucleotides italicized)

Example 1 Melting Curve for Panfungal Molecular Beacon Probes

Reported sequences for the design of primers and molecular beacon probes were used. Molecular beacon probes and DNA primers (Table 1, I) were designed using Beacon Designer 3.0 software (PREMIER Biosoft, Palo Alto, Calif.). The default software parameters were applied for all molecular beacon probe and primer construction. Molecular beacon probes were labeled with fluorophores 5-carboxyfluorescein (FAM) at the 5′ end and with dabcyl at the 3′ end. The molecular beacon probes and primers were purchased from Biosearch Technologies (Biosearch Technologies, Novato, Calif.). The hybridization properties of the molecular beacon probes were tested for the full temperature range, 25° C.-95° C., with single-stranded target oligonucleotides. Molecular beacon probe-target hybridization was performed with the Stratagene MX4000 Multiplex Quantitative PCR system (Stratagene, La Jolla, Calif.). The “Molecular Beacon Melting Curve” experiment type was chosen in the MX4000 software for data monitoring and analysis.

Each 50 μl hybridization reaction mixture contained 1× Stratagene Core PCR buffer, 4 mM MgCl₂, 100 pmol of individual target oligonucleotide and 5 pmol of molecular beacon probe. The thermal conditions of experiment comprised heating at 95° C. for 3 minutes and cooling to 80° C. with subsequent cooling down to 25° C. using 112, 30-seconds steps with a temperature gradient −0.5° C. Fluorescence output for each individual reaction was measured at the end of the cooling step. Melting temperature MO for each molecular beacon-target pair was determined by MX4000 software as a temperature point corresponding to maximal value of the first derivative of the fluorescence output —R′(T).

Example 2 Detection of Any Fungus (Panfungal Detection)

A real-time amplification assay was carried out using the primers and probes described in Table I (SEQ ID NOs: 2 to 4). The assay included DNA amplification by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with real-time detection utilizing molecular beacon probes. DNA from multiple fungal species were tested, together with negative controls consisting of DNA extracted from a Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria. Species tested were Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus japonicus, Aspergillus nidulans, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus terreus, Candida albicans, Candida dubliniensis, Candida glabrata, Candida keyfr, Candida krusei, Candida lusitaniae, Candida lipolytica, Candida parapsilosis, Candida rugosa, Candida tropicalis, Cryptococcus neoformans, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Pneumocystis carinii, Pneumocystis jirovecii, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. With the exception of the Pneumocystis samples, which were obtained from clinical samples, the DNA used was derived from strains obtained from ATCC (ATCC, Manassas, Va., USA)

The procedure was as follows. Real-time PCR experiments were performed on a Stratagene Mx4000 Multiplex Quantitative PCR System using the “Quantitative PCR (Multiple Standards)” setting. Reagents from Eurogentec (Liege, Belgium) were used for all reactions. Each 50μl PCR reaction contained 1× Eurogentec reaction buffer, 0.2 μM of molecular beacon probe (Ib, SEQ ID NO: 3), 0.25 μM of each of the primers of Ia shown in Table 1 (SEQ ID NOs: 1 and 2), 1.25 U of HotGoldStart Taq DNA polymerase (Eurogentec, Liege, Belgium), 0.4 mM dNTPs, 5 mM MgCl₂ between 10 pg and 100 ng of fungal chromosomal DNA. Real-time PCR thermal cycler parameters were: 1 cycle of 10 min at 95° C., 45 cycles of 30 s at 95° C., 30 s at 50° C. and 30 s at 72° C. The filter gain set of the Mx4000 System was changed to FAM-960. The fluorescence was measured 3 times during the annealing step.

Fluorescence signals coming from Stratagene Mx4000 System during PCR amplification were monitored using Mx4000 software in real time. At the end of each run, the amplification plots data were converted to graphic format and stored as image files or exported into Microsoft Office Excel and stored as spreadsheet files. Total changes in fluorescence for individual fluorophores (Rpost-Rpre) were taken as values for analysis. Results were converted to graphic or numerical format and stored as image or spreadsheet files. A summary of the results is shown in Table 2.

TABLE 2 A summary of the results of a real time PCR experiment using panfungal primers and molecular beacon probes (Ia and Ib (SEQ ID NOs: 2 to 4) in Table 1) to detect DNA from a variety of fungal and bacterial organisms. Realtime PCR Sample Organism Result 1 A. flavus + 2 A. fumigatus + 3 A. japonicus + 4 A. nidulans + 5 A. niger + 6 A. terreus + 7 C. albicans + 8 C. dubliniensis + 9 C. glabrata + 10 C. guillermondii + 11 C. keyfr + 12 C. krusei + 13 C. lusitaniae + 14 C. lipolytica + 15 C. parapsilosis + 16 C. rugosa + 17 C. tropicalis + 18 C. neoformans + 19 S. cerevisiae + 20 P. carinii + 21 P. jirovecii + 22 E. coli − 23 S. aureus − 24 Water −

Example 3 Multiplex Detection of Aspergillus and Candida DNA

A real-time amplification assay was carried out for the detection of Aspergillus, Candida and panfungal (presence of any fungal) DNA using the primers and probes described in Table 1, I (SEQ ID NOs: 2 to 4), II (SEQ ID NOs: 6 to 7) and IV (SEQ ID NOs: 15 to 17), together with an assay for the presence of the Internal Control DNA using the primers and probes described in Table 1, III (SEQ ID NOs: 11 to 13). Fluorophores were conjugated to the beacon probes to allow detection. The fluorophores used are shown in Table 3.

TABLE 3 The fluorophores used to label each molecular beacon probe Molecular Beacon Probe Fluorophore Aspergillus HEX (hexachlorofluorescein phosphoramidite) Candida FAM (carboxyfluorescein) Panfungal Cy ®5 (a registered trade mark of GE Lifesciences. FIG. 11 shows the structure of Cy5 mono NHS ester) Internal Control Texas Red ® (registered trade mark of Molecular Probes, Inc. FIG. 12 shows the structure of Texas Red sulphonyl chloride).

The assay included DNA amplification by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with real-time detection utilizing molecular beacon probes. DNA from multiple fungal species was tested, together with a DNA-template free negative control.

Real-time PCR experiments were performed on Stratagene Mx4000 Multiplex Quantitative PCR System using the “Quantitative PCR (Multiple Standards)” setting. Eurogentec qPCR MasterMix No ROX Kit was used for all reactions. Each 50-μl PCR reaction contained, 1× pPCR MasterMix with 4 mM MgCl₂, 20 pmol of each molecular beacon, 10-20 pmol of each primer and up to 100 ng of each DNA or water for the no template control. PCR reactions were performed using the parameters, as follows: 1 cycle of 10 min at 95° C., 45 cycles of 30 s at 95° C., 30 s at 50° C. and 30 s at 72° C. The fluorescence was measured 30 times during the annealing step.

Fluorescence signals coming from Stratagene Mx4000 System during PCR amplification were monitored using Mx4000 software in real time. At the end of each run, the amplification plots data were converted to graphic format and stored as image files or exported into Microsoft Office Excel and stored as spreadsheet files. Total changes in fluorescence for individual fluorophores (Rpost-Rpre) were taken as values for analysis. Results were converted to graphic or numerical format and stored as image or spreadsheet files. A summary of the results is shown in FIG. 2.

Example 4 Multiplex Detection of Aspergillus and Pneumocytsis DNA

A real-time amplification assay was carried out for the detection of Aspergillus, Pneumocystis (PCP) and panfungal (presence of any fungal) DNA using primers and probes described in Table 1, I (SEQ ID NOs: 2 to 4), IV (SEQ ID NOs: 15 to 17) and V (SEQ ID NOs: 19 to 21), together with an assay for the presence of the Internal Control DNA using the primers and probes described in Table 1, III (SEQ ID NOs: 11 to 13).

Fluorophores were conjugated to the beacon probes to allow detection. The fluorophores used are shown in Table 4.

TABLE 4 The fluorophores used to label each molecular beacon probe Beacon probe Fluorophore Aspergillus HEX (hexachlorofluorescein phosphoramidite) Pneumocystis FAM (carboxyfluorescein) Panfungal Cy ®5 (a registered trade mark of GE Lifesciences. FIG. 11 shows the structure of Cy5 mono NHS ester) Internal Control Texas Red ® (registered trade mark of Molecular Probes, Inc. FIG. 12 shows the structure of Texas Red sulphonyl chloride).

The assay included DNA amplification by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with real-time detection utilizing molecular beacon probes. DNA from multiple fungal species were tested, together with a DNA-template free negative control.

Real-time PCR experiments were performed on Stratagene Mx4000 Multiplex Quantitative PCR System using the “Quantitative PCR (Multiple Standards)” setting. Eurogentec qPCR MasterMix No ROX Kit was used for all reactions. Each 50-μl PCR reaction contained, × pPCR MasterMix with 4 mM MgCl₂, 20 pmol of each molecular beacon, 10-20 pmol of each primer and up to 100 ng of each DNA or water for the no template control. PCR reactions were performed using the parameters, as follows: 1 cycle of 10 min at 95° C., 45 cycles of 30 s at 95° C., 30 s at 50° C. and 30 s at 72° C. The fluorescence was measured 30 times during the annealing step.

Fluorescence signals coming from Stratagene Mx4000 System during PCR amplification were monitored using Mx4000 software in real time. At the end of each run, the amplification plots data were converted to graphic format and stored as image files or exported into Microsoft Office Excel and stored as spreadsheet files. Total changes in fluorescence for individual fluorophores (Rpost-Rpre) were taken as values for analysis. Results were converted to graphic or numerical format and stored as image or spreadsheet files. A summary of the results is shown in FIG. 3.

Example 5 Detection of Fungus in Non-Biological Samples.

A real-time amplification assay was carried out for the detection of panfungal (presence of any fungal) DNA using primers and probes described in Table 1, I (SEQ ID NOs: 2 to 4). Nine samples of water were taken from various rooms throughout a Hospital and were tested together with sterilized laboratory water, a positive (extracted Aspergillus genomic DNA) and negative (sterile PBS) control.

The procedure was as follows. Real-time PCR experiments were performed on a Stratagene Mx4000 Multiplex Quantitative PCR System using the “Quantitative PCR (Multiple Standards)” setting. Reagents from Eurogentec (Liege, Belgium) were used for all reactions. Each 50-μl PCR reaction contained lx Eurogentec reaction buffer, 0.2 μM of molecular beacon probe (Ib, SEQ ID NO: 3), 0.25 μM of each of the primers of Ia shown in Table 1 (SEQ ID NOs: 1 and 2), 1.25 U of HotGoldStart Taq DNA polymerase (Eurogentec, Liege, Belgium), 0.4 mM dNTPs, 5 mM MgCl₂ between 10 pg and 100 ng of fungal chromosomal DNA. Real-time PCR thermal cycler parameters were: 1 cycle of 10 min at 95° C., 45 cycles of 30 s at 95° C., 30 s at 50° C. and 30 s at 72° C. The filter gain set of the Mx4000 System was changed to FAM-960. The fluorescence was measured 3 times during the annealing step.

Fluorescence signals coming from Stratagene Mx4000 System during PCR amplification were monitored using Mx4000 software in real time. At the end of each run, the amplification plots data were converted to graphic format and stored as image files or exported into Microsoft Office Excel and stored as spreadsheet files. Total changes in fluorescence for individual fluorophores (Rpost-Rpre) were taken as values for analysis. Results were converted to graphic or numerical format and stored as image or spreadsheet files. A summary of the results is shown in Table 5 and FIG. 4.

TABLE 5 A summary of the results of a real time PCR experiment using panfungal primers and molecular beacon probes (Ia and Ib (SEQ ID NOs: 2 to 4) in Table 1) to detect panfungal DNA in a variety of Hospital water samples. Well Threshold Well Assay Type (dR) Ct (dR) Sample no. Sample type D4 FAM Unknown 833.626 52 1 Room 16, patient bathroom D5 FAM Unknown 833.626 41.52 2 Room 9, patient bathroom D6 FAM Unknown 833.626 No Ct 3 Hepa room 19, pateint bathroom D7 FAM Unknown 833.626 35.78 4 Room 2, patient bathroom D8 FAM Unknown 833.626 38.8 5 Proceedure room out patient area D9 FAM Unknown 833.626 No Ct 6 Main kitchen E4 FAM Unknown 833.626 44.35 7 Stores Basement Sluice E5 FAM Unknown 833.626 43.05 8 Ward 1 kitchen E6 FAM Unknown 833.626 58.74 9 May Draper Tea bar E7 FAM Unknown 833.626 No Ct control Wythenshawe ERC lab E8 FAM Unknown 833.626 33 control positive E9 FAM NTC 833.626 No Ct control negative

Example 6 Detection of Specific Species of Candida

Experiments were performed as discussed above for Examples 2 to 5.

A real-time amplification assay was carried out for the detection of Candida tropicalis using primers and probes described in Table 1, VI (SEQ ID NOs: 31 to 33). The other samples simultaneously tested in a multiplex reaction were DNA extracted from Candida albicans, Candida krusei, Candida neoformans, Candida dubliniensis, Candida lusitaniae, Staphylococcus. Cerevisiae, Candida glabrata, Candida parapsilosis, Aspergillus fumigatus, Candida guilliermondii and Candida tropicalis as well as water. A summary of the results is shown in FIG. 6.

A real-time amplification assay was carried out for the detection of Candida parapsilosis using primers and probes described in Table 1, VII (SEQ ID NOs: 31, 32 and 35). The samples tested were the same as tested for Candida tropicalis. A summary of the results is shown in FIG. 7.

A real-time amplification assay was carried out for the detection of Candida albicans using primers and probes described in Table 1, VIII (SEQ ID NOs: 31, 32 and 37). The samples tested were the same as tested for Candida tropicalis. A summary of the results is shown in FIG. 8.

A real-time amplification assay was carried out for the detection of Candida glabrata using primers and probes described in Table 1, IX (SEQ ID NOs: 31, 32 and 39). The samples tested were the same as tested for Candida tropicalis. A summary of the results is shown in FIG. 9.

A real-time amplification assay was carried out for the detection of Candida krusei using primers and probes described in Table 1, X (SEQ ID NOs: 31, 32 and 43). The samples tested were the same as tested for Candida tropicalis. A summary of the results is shown in FIG. 10.

It is understood that the present invention is not limited to the preferred embodiments and examples presented herein, which serve only to illustrate certain aspects of the invention to one of ordinary skill in the art. Other embodiments of the invention, which would be apparent to those of ordinary skill, are considered to fall within the scope and spirit of the invention.

Example 7 Use of Four Color Multiplex Molecular Beacon Probes for the Detection of Fungal Pathogens and an Internal Control

A four color multiplex approach for the detection of pathogenic fungi and an internal control was developed for real time quantitative PCR with molecular beacon probes. The multiplex panel included the detection of all fungi (panfungal), all Candida species (panCandida), all Aspergillus species (panAspergillus) and a novel non-human and non-fungal internal control DNA sequence (internal control).

To enhance detection sensitivity for the panAspergillus probe, two new primers were designed (SEQ ID Nos 46 and 47) and new target regions in the 18S ribosomal gene were also identified that had broad panfungal coverage. Using these regions, primers, denoted as “v.2” and “v.3,” and molecular beacons, denoted as “v.2.3” and “v.3.3,” were designed. See Tables 6 and 7 below.

Two panels of four color multiplex probes were employed using either Panfungal v2.3 or v.3.3 plus the internal control, panCandida and panAspergillus. Each panel was evaluated using a variety of target genomic DNA to assess the multiplex specificity.

Real-time PCR experiments were performed on a Stratagene Mx4000 Multiplex Quantitative PCR System using the “Quantitative PCR (Multiple Standards)” setting. Eurogentec qPCR MasterMix No ROX Kit was used for all reactions. Each 50-μl PCR reaction contained, 1× pPCR MasterMix with 4 mM MgCl₂, 20 pmol of each molecular beacon, 10-20 pmol of each primer and up to 100 ng of each DNA or water for the no template control. PCR reactions were performed as follows: 1 cycle of 10 min at 95° C., 45 cycles of 30 s at 95° C., 30 s at 50° C. and 30 s at 72° C. The fluorescence was measured 30 times during the annealing step.

Real time PCR was performed with the two multiplex panels using a single template to evaluate each panel's specificity. A. fumigatus, C. albicans, C. neoformans, R. oryzae, S. aureus and Z. mays genomic DNA were used as templates for this assay.

TABLE 6 Molecular beacon probes Molecular Beacon 5′ Reporter Probe Dye 3′ Quencher Oligonucleotide sequence panCandida HEX DABCYL cgcgatGATGATTCATAATAACTTTTCGatcgcg (PanCan) (SEQ ID NO: 8) panAspergillus FAM DABCYL cgcgatAGTTGAACCTTGGGTCTGGCatcgcg (PanAsp) (SEQ ID NO: 17) panfungal Cy5 DABCYL ccgtggCTGCGGCTTAATTTGACTCAccacgg (FanFunv2.3) (SEQ ID NO: 44) panfungal Cy5 DABCYL cgcgacACATCCAAGGAAGGCAGCAGgtcgcg (PanFunv3.3) (SEQ ID NO: 45) Internal Control Texas Red DABCYL cgcacgCAATCCTGAGCCAAATCCCTcgtgcg (IC)

TABLE 7 Real time PCR primers Primer Name Direction 5′-3′ Sequence PanCandida sense TAGATAAAAAATCAATGCCTTCGG (SEQ ID NO: 6) (SEQ ID NO: 6) antisense CATGGTAGGCCACTATCCTAC (SEQ ID NO: 7) PanAspergillus sense TAATTCCAGCTCCAATAGCG v.1.3 (SEQ ID NO: 46) antisense CCAGAAGGAAAGGTCCAGCC (SEQ ID NO: 47) PanFungal v.2 sense AATTGACGGAAGGGCACCAC (SEQ ID NO: 48) antisense TGTCTGGACCTGGTGAGTTT (SEQ ID NO: 49) PanFungal v.3 sense AGAGGGAGCCTGAGAAACGG (SEQ ID NO: 50) antisense CGGCTGCTGGCACCAGACTT (SEQ ID NO: 51) Internal Control sense CCTGCTAAGTGGTAACTTCC (SEQ ID NO: 11) antisense TGAGTCTCTGCACCTATCCT (SEQ ID NO: 12)

FIG. 13 provides graphical displays of real-time PCR results from multiplex panel experiments.

Real-time PCR experiments were performed on a Stratagene Mx4000 Multiplex Quantitative PCR System using the “Quantitative PCR (Multiple Standards)” setting. Stratagene Brilliant QPCR MasterMix was used for all reactions. Each 25-μl PCR reaction contained 1× QPCR MasterMix with 5.5 mM MgCl2, 5 pmol of each molecular beacon, 10 pmol of each primer and up to 100 ng of each DNA or water for the no template control. PCR reactions were performed as follows: 1 cycle of 10 min at 95° C., 45 cycles of 30 s at 95° C., 30 s at 50° C. and 30 s at 72° C. The fluorescence was measured 3 times during the annealing step.

The two panfungal probes assayed in simplex reactions identified a panel of diverse fungal DNA (n=21) that included Zyogmycetes. Both probes also detected signal from water containing Ochronis gallopavum and respiratory samples from patients which did not grow various human pathogenic fungi, suggesting increased sensitivity of detection. The panAspergillus primers increased the detection sensitivity by at least 10-fold when compared to earlier primers in a multiplex primer assay that contained the PanAsp beacon and all the primers in the multiplex. The panCandida probe produced lower fluorescence than other beacons as a result of incorrect gain settings on the HEX detection channel of the Stratagene instrument. In general, the specific assays in both multiplex panels effectively detected their respective analytes, confirming the functionality of each multiplex panel.

Example 8 Multiplex Detection of Aspergillus and Pneumocystis jirovecii

A real-time amplification assay was designed to simultaneously detect numerous Aspergillus species, Pneumocystis jirovecii and an internal control. The assay included DNA amplification by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with real-time detection utilizing molecular beacon probes. In particular, the primers and probes described in Tables 8-9 were employed using these amplification and detection conditions. The setup required a total volume of 25 uL, of which 5 uL was clinical sample, positive or negative control. The Positive Control molecule was a recombinant plasmid harboring the Aspergillus and Pneumocystis target sequences. The microtitre tray was prepared in a PCR hood and run on an AB7500 thermocycler using the following run conditions: a single cycle of 95° C. for 10 min then 95° C. for 30 sec, 60° C. for 1 min and 72° C. for 30 sec, for 40 cycles. The threshold setting was set at 0.2 for Aspergillus, at 0.1 for Pneumocystis and IAC.

The Aspergillus DNA template lies within the 18S region, which has 35-90 copies per genome. The template is common to all Aspergillus genus and possesses little overlap with other fungal pathogens. The P. jiroveciii DNA template lies within the Mitchondrial Large Sub Unit.

TABLE 8 Molecular beacon probes Molecular 5′ Reporter Beacon Probe Dye 3′ Quencher Oligonucleotide sequence Aspergillus FAM DDQ1 CGCGATAGTTGAACCTTGGGTCTGGCATCGCG Beacon (SEQ ID NO: 17) Pneumocystis HEX DDQ1 CGCAGCCTAGGATATAGCTGGTTTTCTGCGCTGCG Beacon (SEQ ID NO: 21) Internal Atto647N DDQ1 CGCACGCAATCCTGAGCCAAATCCCTCGTGCG Control Beacon (SEQ ID NO: 13)

TABLE 9 Amplification primers Primer Name Direction 5′-3′ Sequence Aspergillus Sense GGTAATTCCAGCTCCAATAGC primer, sense (SEQ ID NO: 15) Aspergillus Antisense GGCCTGCTTTGAACACTCTAA primer, (SEQ ID NO: 16) antisense Pneumocystis Sense GCAAAGTACTCAGAAGAATTGTGG primer, sense (SEQ ID NO: 19) Pneumocystis Amtisense TCCCTCGAGATATTCAGTGC primer, (SEQ ID NO: 20) antisense Internal control Sense CCTGCTAAGTGGTAACTTCC primer, sense (SEQ ID NO: 11) Internal control Antisense TGAGTCTCTGCACCTATCCT primer, (SEQ ID NO: 12) antisense

Sample Processing

Fungal DNA from clinical respiratory (and in some cases, other) samples were obtained from clinical collaborators. The samples had been stored in most instances for a number of years, either as the clinical specimens or as DNA. A small number of samples were collected prospectively. Where DNA had not been extracted from the samples, this was achieved using MycXtra™ Fungal DNA Extraction Kit (Myconostica, Manchester, UK) containing resin beads.

The methods used in each centre for microscopy and culture of BAL are summarized in the table below. The samples from Manchester were taken as part of a research study with informed consent but processed by standard microbiology procedures.

TABLE 10 Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BAL) processing Lausanne Manchester Primary Innsbruck Class 2 Leuven CL3 laboratory + class processing Class 2 hood hood Class 2 hood 1 hood Microscopy All BALs Yes when Only on request yes (gram stain only) for fungi requested Volume 1 drop 50-250uL 0.4 mL 1 drop used Centrifuged? 15 000 g/5 min; Cytocentrifugation Yes, cytocentrifuge yes resuspend Method Calcoflour White GMS Fungi-FluorTM Kit gram stain PCP Calcafluor GMS Yes, if urgent, GMS stain method Immy kit (histopathology) Volume 50-250uL used Centrifuged 15 000 g/5 min; Cytocentrifugation resuspended in 5 mL Fungal Yes if req, or All culture yeast/hyphae seen Volume 1-5 mL 5 mL 1-2 drops 2-3 drops used Centrifuged? 15 000 g/5 min, 3000 rpm No yes 3000 rpm/5 mins resuspend (2000 g) × 10 min Medium 1 Sabouraud + Sabouraud Sabouraud + Sabouraud + Cloramphenicol chloramphenicol chloramphenicol Medium 2 Brain heart Infusion Medium 3 Malt extract Plate or Plate Slant slant slant? Temperature 30 C, 37 C 30 C 35-37 C for 48 hrs 30 c for 10 days (s) then 30 C

As can be seen, the method of sample handling varied by centre. Both the volume of BAL used for standard and Pneumocystis microscopy and fungal culture varied, as well. For example, Innsbruck, Lausanne and Manchester used a centrifugation step prior to fungal culture, whereas Leuven did not. These differences may account for some of the differences in yield observed. At the Leuven site, 800 uL of sample was used for DNA extraction with the MycXtra™ kit, and there was no initial centrifugation step to collect and concentrate fungal cells. Once extracted, nucleic acid from each sample was shipped and stored at −80° C. prior to testing.

Specificity

Table 11 provides the results of cross reactivity testing using a variety of fungi.

TABLE 11 Organism Aspergillus Channel Pneumocystis Channel Aspergillus fumigatus 2/2 0/2 Aspergillus niger 10/10 0/9 Aspergillus terreus 6/6 0/6 Aspergillus nidulans 3/3 0/3 Aspergillus flavus 2/2 0/2 Aspergillus versicolor 2/2 0/2 Aspergillus glaucus 1/1 0/1 Aspergillus tubingensis 2/2 0/2 Aspergillus foetidus 2/2 0/2 All Aspergillus 30/30  0/30 Penicillium notatum 1/1 0/1 Penicillium spp. 3/3 0/3 All Penicillium 4/4 0/4 Fusarium solani 1/1 1/1 Fusarium dimerium 1/1 0/1 All Fusarium 2/2 1/2 Cladosporium spp. 1/1 0/1 Alternaria alternaria 0/1 0/1 Rhizomucor pusillus 0/1 0/1 Scedosparium prolificans 0/1 0/1 Candida albicans 0/5 0/5 Candida glabrata 0/3 0/3 Candida tropicalis 0/1 0/1 Candida krusei 0/3 0/3 Candida parapsilosis 0/5 0/5 Candida sake 0/2 0/2 Candida novogenesis 0/1 0/1 Candida kefyr 0/2 0/2 Candida rugosa 0/2 0/2 Candida inconspicua 0/2 0/2 Candida humicola 0/1 0/1 All Candida  0/27  0/27 Trichosporon cutaneum 1/3 0/3 Trichosporon asahii 0/1 0/1 Trichosporon mucoides 0/1 0/1 All Trichosporon 1/5 0/5 Sporothrix schenkii 1/2 0/2 Saccharomyces cerevisiae 0/5 0/5 Cryptococcus neoformans 0/7 0/7 Rhodotorula rubrum 0/2 0/2 Blastoschizomyces 0/2 0/2 capitatus Geotrichum candidum 0/1 0/1 Viral DNA 0/7 0/7 Bacterial DNA 0/3 0/3 Human DNA 0/1 0/1

Sensitivity

Analytical Sensitivity for Aspergillus was determined using quantified DNA extracted from A. fumigatus A293. FIG. 14 shows that a Limit of Detection of one genome copy can be obtained using standard methodology (CLSI EP 17-A—“Protocols for Determination of Limits of Detection and Limits of Quantitation”).

Analytical Sensitivity for Pneumocystis was determined using quantified recombinant plasmid DNA. FIG. 15 shows that a Limit of Detection of six target copies can be obtained using standard methodology (CLSI EP 17A—“Protocols for Determination of Limits of Detection and Limits of Quantitation”). The target is a multicopy gene, but the number of copies within the genome, and therefore the per-organism detection limit is unknown.

Table 12 provides the sensitivity and limit of detection for these primers and probes.

TABLE 12 Limit of Detection (Ct) Target number equivalent Aspergillus fumigatus 38.6 34 Pneumocystis jirovecii 38.5 6

The value for the Aspergillus target was determined using the A293 strain of Aspergillus fumigatus from which the genome has been fully sequenced. It is known there are 37 copies of the target within the genome, determined by optical mapping and thus 34 target copies represent approximately 1 genome copy.

The value for the Pneumocystis target was determined using a recombinant DNA plasmid harbouring the target sequence. As the Pneumocystis target sequence is a mitochondrial target, there will be numerous copies per cell, but it not known how many. For comparison there are 13 mitochondrial genomes per A. fumigatus l nuclear genome (in AF293) and an unknown number of subunit repeat sequences per mitochondrion in Pneumocystis jirovecii.

Internal Amplification Control

There was some preliminary evidence of the introduction of a low-level inhibitor into the reaction from the extraction process. This was overcome with a smaller eluate volume in the FXG assay. Therefore in order to assess the effect of altering the amount of sample included in the reaction, the Internal Amplification Control values of the samples were examined and compared. The reproducibility of the internal amplification control was determined in 132 assays conducted in 6 experiments (table below). The cut-off was taken as +/− 3 standard deviations from the mean (Ct=32-36.2).

TABLE 13 Range Mean SD 3 × SD Min Max 34.58 0.54 1.61 33.0 36.2

In the tests of the clinical samples where 5 μL of sample was added to the reaction, only 26 samples of 399 (5.8%) were out of range, 2 with a low Ct value and 24 with an elevated Ct value indication PCR inhibition. 13 of these showed complete inhibition of PCR (recorded as a Ct of 41 for the purposes of analysis). The mean Ct value for the 399 samples assayed was 34.68 +/−1.42.

In the tests where 2 μL of sample was added to the reaction, only 2 of the Internal Amplification Control results were outside of the allowed range. In both cases the Ct value was lower than the range (i.e. not due to inhibition). No sample demonstrating inhibition was identified with the 2 μL test.

Both samples with low Ct values, consistent with an accelerated PCR reaction, were from Lausanne, and this result was seen in both 2 μL and 5 μL reactions. The nature of this accelerated reaction was not determined.

Overall, the 5 μL volume was selected for further analysis, based on the demonstration of inhibition in clinical samples and inspection of the clinical results and their correlation with culture and microscopy.

Pneumocystis Results

The results were analyzed as follows: (i) samples which had an internal amplification control (IAC) out of range were highlighted and removed; (ii) only those samples with microscopy results which were appropriate for the detection of P. jiroveciii and/or those in whom the clinical diagnosis of Pneumocystis pneumonia was diagnosed were selected; (iii) PCR positive results were sorted by Ct value to assess lowest appropriate cut-off for positivity; and (iv) 2×2 table of results were constructed using microscopy (+2 clinically diagnosed cases) to determine the sensitivity, specificity, positive (PPV) and negative predictive (NPV) values. A secondary analysis of HIV/AIDS patients also was conducted to evaluate the cutoff value in these different populations.

A total of 190 results were analysed: 42 from patients with AIDS or HIV infection and 148 from other patients. The appropriate cutoff for positivity was determined to be at the limit of detection of the assay i.e. a Ct value of 38.5. Using this cutoff the results are shown in the following tables:

TABLE 14 PCP AIDS and non-AIDS FXG PCR+ FXG PCR− total % Pneumocystis 67 2 69 97.10 Sensitivity microscopy+ Pneumocystis 16 105 121 86.78 Specificity microscopy− Total 83 107 190 80.72 98.13 PPV NPV

Ct values ranged from 23.55 to the limit of detection (38.5) indicative of a wide range of organism loads. It can be seen that the sensitivity of 97.1% is a good result with only 2 samples positive by microscopy not detected. The NPV is very high (98.13) consistent with a highly sensitive test. The specificity was not as high, as 16 samples showed positive results, but were microscopy negative and no clinical diagnosis of Pneumocystis pneumonia was made. This is consistent with the published literature indicating a higher sensitivity of PCR assays compared with microscopy, and with missed clinical diagnoses. One of the 2 samples which was negative was from a non-AIDS patient and the BAL was not centrifuged.

The data were separated into AIDS/HIV results and all others for further analysis.

TABLE 15 PCP AIDS/HIV FXG PCR+ FXG PCR− Pneumocystis 36 1 37 97.30 Sensitivity microscopy+ Pneumocystis 1 4 5 80.00 Specificity microscopy− Total 37 5 42 97.30 80.00 PPV NPV

The performance of the test in AIDS patients was excellent, and higher Ct values were obtained in this group (24.57-34.93). The calculations for specificity and NPV are limited by only having 4 true negative samples for testing.

TABLE 16 PCP non-AIDS/HIV FXG PCR+ FXG PCR− Pneumocystis 31 1 32 96.88 Sensitivity microscopy+ Pneumocystis 15 101 116 87.07 Specificity microscopy− Total 48 100 148 67.39 99.02 PPV NPV

In the non-AIDS patients a larger number of true negative samples were obtained, and the Ct range of positive results was greater (23.55-37.55). The sensitivity is high at 96.88, and the NPV is also high at 99.02.

The proposed interpretation criteria in the IFU will enable positive results to be reported, even if inhibition is detected (ie a raised IAC Ct value). These results were excluded from the tables above. Six P. jiroveciii results fall into this category, and in 5 cases the microscopy was positive (Ct values of 21.06, 22.24, 25.18, 25.26, 33.53 and 35.91). The Ct values in these samples containing an inhibitor were generally low, and only the highest (35.91) was microscopy negative.

Aspergillus Results

The analysis steps were as follows: (i) results which had an internal amplification control (IAC) out of range were highlighted and removed, (ii) sample types were grouped into BAL centrifuged or not, other respiratory specimens (including sputum) and tissue/biopsy samples, (iii) only those results with positive culture results (respiratory samples) or culture or histology positive for tissue were selected, (iv) PCR positive results were sorted by Ct value to assess lowest appropriate cut-off for positivity, (v) 2×2 tables of results were constructed using culture results or histology positive samples to determine the sensitivity, specificity, positive (PPV) and negative predictive (NPV) values and (vi) results inspected to determine any possible impact of prior antifungal therapy on sensitivity.

The cut-off for positivity was determined by inspection of the data and was determined to be at the limit of detection (Ct 38.6). This cut-off was reinforced by examination of the 15 samples from Manchester from normal controls in which 2 has Ct values of 38.82 and 38.4. Very low levels of Aspergillus spp. are found in normal lungs and so a cut-off at this level is appropriate to detect a pathogen, which is found in small quantities even in severely ill patients. In fact the sample with a Ct value of 38.4 grew Penicillium spp. and another sample grew A. fumigatus, but was negative by the test assay. These data are consistent with very low levels of fungi in the lungs of normal people and indicate that the assay is operating at this level of detection.

Based on the IAC cut-off, 10 BAL samples (5 centrifuged and 5 uncentrifuged), 5 other respiratory samples and no tissue/biopsy samples were excluded from analysis because the IAC was out of range.

The results of the BAL samples centrifuged and non-centrifuged are shown below. Although there are slightly fewer samples and fewer positive samples in the uncentrifuged group, the impact of centrifugation as a preliminary step in extraction appears clear from these data. The sensitivity falls from 73% to 29%, although the specificity is essentially unchanged. On the basis of this analysis, only centrifuged BAL samples were included in the overall analysis. Centrifugation could account for for the difference, but other factors could be relevant, including the patient population (large proportion of ICU patients), processing differences and storage factors.

TABLE 17 BAL only (centrifuged) FXG PCR+ FXG PCR− Aspergillus 19 8 26 70.37 Sensitivity culture +ve Aspergillus 4 92 97 95.83 Specificity culture −ve 23 100 123 82.61 92.00 PPV NPV

TABLE 18 Uncentrifuged BAL samples FXG PCR+ FXG PCR− Aspergillus 5 12 17 29.41 Sensitivity culture+ Aspergillus 3 75 77 96.15 Specificity culture− 8 87 95 62.50 86.21 PPV NPV

The other respiratory samples tested included sputum, bronchial aspirations, endotracheal aspirations, lung aspirations, one pulmonary wound drainage and one nasal secretion. Most of the sputum samples were from cystic fibrosis patients. The volumes processed varied, and there is no centrifugation step in the processing of these usually small samples. The results are shown below for these 75 samples.

TABLE 19 Sputum and non-BAL respiratory samples FXG PCR+ FXG PCR− Aspergillus 15 4 19 78.95 Sensitivity culture+ Aspergillus 7 49 56 87.50 Specificity culture− 22 53 75 68.18 92.45 PPV NPV

Compared with the centrifuged BAL samples, the sensitivity is similar at 79% versus 73%. Proportionately there slightly more assay positive, culture negative results with other respiratory samples than with BAL, leading to a slightly lower specificity 88% versus 96%, and lower PPV (68% versus 83%). These differences probably reflect many factors, such as sample volume and antifungal treatment.

TABLE 20 All respiratory samples together (centrifuged BALs) FXG PCR+ FXG PCR− Aspergillus 34 12 45 73.91 Sensitivity culture+ Aspergillus 11 142 153 92.76 Specificity culture− 45 153 198 75.56 92.16 PPV NPV

Of the 198 respiratory samples analysed, 34 were both culture positive and assay positive, 142 were true negatives, with 11 false positive FXG PCR and 12 FXG PCR false negatives. This yields sensitivity and PPV values of 73.9% and 75.6% respectively and specificity and NPV values of 92.8% and 92.2% respectively. Of note, 3 BAL samples were culture positive for Penicillium spp., which is not distinguished from Aspergillus spp. by the assay. If these are recorded as true positives, the sensitivity rises to 75.5%, the specificity to 94.6% and the PPV and NPV to 82.2% and 92.2% respectively. Also of note two patients with zygomycosis caused by Rhizopus spp. were not detected by the assay, nor were eight samples from patients colonized by Candida albicans, nor one colonized by three species of Paecilomyces and Candida tropicalis. Six microscopy positive samples for non-septate hyphae (but culture negative) were negative in the assay.

There were 15 samples excluded from the analysis because the IAC was out of range. The proposed interpretation criteria in the IFU will allow positive results to be reported, even if inhibition is detected (i.e. a raised IAC Ct value). Among these 15 samples, 13 were both culture and assay negative and two were culture positive and assay negative. Therefore, it is not possible to confirm with this dataset that this interpretation is correct, and it will need confirmation in future studies.

There were 31 fresh lung tissue samples processed by the MycXtra™ extraction method (preceeded by proteinase K digestion) from Innsbruck. These were selected because they were generally positive samples from at risk patients, and no controls or negatives were processed alongside. Two analyses were done: one compared FXG PCR results with septate hyphae (all Aspergilli causing tissue invasive disease have septate hyphae, as do other less common invasive fungi such as Scedosporium spp. Fusarium spp., Penicillium spp. and others) and another compared with culture of Aspergillus spp. Both tables are shown below. Cultures were positive for A. fumigatus and A. terreus.

TABLE 21 Septate hyphae only FXG PCR+ FXG PCR− Histology+ 14 9 23 60.87 Sensitivity Histology− 0 7 7 100 Specificity 14 16 30 100 43.75 PPV NPV

TABLE 22 Aspergillus culture+ve FXG PCR+ FXG PCR− Aspergillus 12 3 15 80.00 Sensitivity culture+ Aspergillus 2 14 16 87.5 Specificity culture− 14 17 31 85.71 82.35 PPV NPV

The data show that the culture performance is better than the histology performance, principally because there are six more assay positive results compared to culture than to histology. This suggests, but does not confirm, that some septate hyphae seen are not Aspergilli. Overall the 100% PPV for the assay compared with histology is helpful clinically, combined with culture results, and the high sensitivity (80%) compared with culture is acceptable.

The vast majority of positive cultures were A. fumigatus with rather fewer A. terreus positives and one A. flavus positive. The assay detected these three species, the most common pathogenic species (>98%). One A. niger and one A. glaucus isolate were cultured from samples and both were negative in the assay. In both cases they were mixed positive cultures, (C. albicans and Rhizopus oryzae). Neither was implicated in disease.

The real-time detection assay performed well for the rapid detection of Pneumocystis jirovecii and Aspergillus spp. in a large retrospective multicentre study. The data are consistent with high efficiency extraction of both fungal genera and detection limits of <10 fungal cells. Pneumocystis is an alveolar pathogen and is therefore present in large amounts in disease in the bronchi and small airways. Aspergilli usually cause parenchymal disease (invasive aspergillosis) in which small numbers of fungal cells are present in the airways, but also may colonise and infect the large airways, with large numbers of fungal cells present. The clinical performance data are consistent with these different pathologies, with a higher sensitivity demonstrable for P. jirovecii than Aspergillus. The specificity of the Aspergillus component of the assay is not absolute, and so additional fungi are detected. These are primarily fungi with a similar antifungal susceptibility profile to Aspergillus, with the single exception of Fusarium spp. which is not susceptible to the echinocandins or itraconazole. Test failure due to PCR inhibition was infrequent, and of uncertain cause, as the MycXtra™ kit removes many potential inhibitors, including inhaled drugs. For Pneumocystis (and by extension to Aspergillus) a positive result can be safely, even with an inhibitor present, whereas a negative one cannot. Additional data on a small number of lung biopsy specimens shows good performance, especially when compared to culture. 

1. A method of testing for the presence or absence of any fungus in a sample, comprising obtaining a sample suspected of containing fungal nucleic acid, including at least one universal region of fungal nucleic acid, and testing for the presence or absence in the sample of the at least one universal region of fungal nucleic acid, in which the at least one universal region of fungal nucleic acid includes SEQ ID NOS: 1, 52 or 53, a complement or transcript of SEQ ID NOS: 1, 52 or 53, or a sequence having 80% or more sequence homology with SEQ ID NOS: 1, 52 or 53, or complements or transcripts thereof.
 2. The method of claim 1 in which the sample is obtained from a biological source.
 3. The method of claim 2 in which the sample comprises a biological fluid, tissue, or combination thereof.
 4. The method of claim 1 in which the sample is obtained from a non-biological source.
 5. The method of claim 4 in which the sample comprises a piece of a vehicle, watercraft, aircraft, building, or dwelling.
 6. The method of claim 1 in which the sample is obtained from an environment.
 7. The method of claim 6 in which the sample comprises an air sample, a water sample, a soil sample, or combinations thereof.
 8. The method of claim 1 in which the testing step includes contacting the sample with an oligonucleotide probe comprising a nucleic acid capable of hybridizing to the at least one universal region of fungal nucleic acid under stringent conditions.
 9. The method of claim 8 in which the probe includes a detectable label.
 10. The method of claim 8 in which the probe includes SEQ ID NO: 4, complement or transcript thereof, or a sequence having 90% or more sequence homology with SEQ ID NO: 4, complement or transcript thereof.
 11. The method of claim 8 in which the probe includes SEQ ID NO: 44, its complement, or a sequence having 90% or more sequence homology with SEQ ID NO: 44 or its complement.
 12. The method of claim 8 in which the probe includes SEQ ID NO: 45, its complement, or a sequence having 90% or more sequence homology with SEQ ID NO: 45 or its complement
 13. The method of claim 8, further comprising testing for the presence or absence in the sample of at least one region of fungal nucleic acid characteristic of the genus Candida wherein the at least one region of fungal nucleic acid characteristic of the genus Candida includes SEQ ID NO: 5, a complement or transcript thereof, or a sequence having 80% or more sequence homology with SEQ ID NO: 5, complement or transcript thereof; and testing for the presence or absence in the sample of at least one region of fungal nucleic acid characteristic of the genus Aspergillus wherein the at least one region of fungal nucleic acid characteristic of the genus Aspergillus includes SEQ ID NO: 14, a complement or transcript thereof, or a sequence having 80% or more sequence homology with SEQ ID NO: 14, complement or transcript thereof.
 14. The method of claim 13, further comprising amplifying the regions of fungal nucleic acid and wherein said testing comprises the use of (A) at least two amplification primers selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 48, SEQ ID NO: 49, SEQ ID NO: 50 and SEQ ID NO: 51; and (B) at least one oligonucleotide probe selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 44 and SEQ ID NO:
 45. 15. The method of claim 14, further comprising the use of amplification primers having the sequences of SEQ ID NO: 6, SEQ ID NO: 7, SEQ ID NO:46 and SEQ ID NO: 47, and oligonucleotides probes having the sequences of SEQ ID NO: 8 and SEQ ID NO:17.
 16. The method of claim 1 further comprising amplifying the at least one universal region of fungal nucleic acid.
 17. The method of claim 16 in which the amplifying step includes contacting the sample with a pair of primers.
 18. The method of claim 17 wherein the pair of primers includes SEQ ID NO: 2 and SEQ ID NO:
 3. 19. The method of claim 17 wherein the pair of primers includes SEQ ID NO: 48 and SEQ ID NO:
 49. 20. The method of claim 19 wherein amplicons from said amplification step are detected by hybridizing with a labeled oligonucleotide of SEQ ID NO: 44 or SEQ ID NO:
 45. 21. The method of claim 17 in which the pair of primers includes SEQ ID NO: 50 and SEQ ID NO:
 51. 22. The method of claim 21 wherein amplicons from said amplification step are detected by hybridizing with a labeled oligonucleotide of SEQ ID NO: 44 or SEQ ID NO:
 45. 23. A method of testing for the presence or absence of a fungus belonging to the genus Aspergillus in a sample, comprising obtaining a sample suspected of containing fungal nucleic acid, including at least one region of fungal nucleic acid characteristic of the genus Aspergillus, and testing for the presence or absence in the sample of the at least one region of fungal nucleic acid characteristic of the genus Aspergillus.
 24. The method of claim 23 in which the at least one region of fungal nucleic acid characteristic of the genus Aspergillus includes SEQ ID NO: 14, a complement or transcript thereof, or a sequence having 80% or more sequence homology with SEQ ID NO: 14, complement or transcript thereof.
 25. The method of claim 24 in which the testing step includes contacting the sample with a probe including SEQ ID NO:
 17. 26. The method of claim 25 which further comprises amplifying the at least one region of fungal nucleic acid characteristic of the genus Aspergillus by contacting the sample with a pair of primers including SEQ ID NO: 15 and SEQ ID NO:
 16. 27. The method of claim 23 which further comprises amplifying the at least one region of fungal nucleic acid characteristic of the genus Aspergillus by contacting the sample with a pair of primers including SEQ ID NO: 46 and SEQ ID NO:
 47. 28. The method of claim 23, further comprising testing for the presence or absence in the sample of at least one region of fungal nucleic acid characteristic of the genus Pneumocystis jirovecii.
 29. The method of claim 28, wherein the testing comprises the use of amplification primers having the sequences of SEQ ID NO: 15, SEQ ID NO: 16, SEQ ID NO: 19, and SEQ ID NO: 20 and oligonucleotide probes having the sequences of SEQ ID NO: 17 and SEQ ID NO:
 21. 30. A method of testing for the presence or absence of a fungus belonging to the genus Candida in a sample, comprising obtaining a sample suspected of containing fungal nucleic acid, including at least one region of fungal nucleic acid characteristic of the genus Candida, and testing for the presence or absence in the sample of the at least one region of fungal nucleic acid characteristic of the genus Candida.
 31. The method of claim 30 in which the at least one region of fungal nucleic acid characteristic of the genus Candida includes SEQ ID NO: 5, a complement or transcript thereof, or a sequence having 80% or more sequence homology with SEQ ID NO: 5, complement or transcript thereof.
 32. The method of claim 31 in which the testing step includes contacting the sample with a probe including SEQ ID NO:
 8. 33. The method of claim 32 further comprising amplifying the at least one region of fungal nucleic acid characteristic of the genus Candida by contacting the sample with a pair of primers including SEQ ID NO: 6 and SEQ ID NO:
 7. 34. A method of testing for the presence or absence of a fungus belonging to the genus Pneumocystis in a sample, comprising obtaining a sample suspected of containing fungal nucleic acid, including at least one region of fungal nucleic acid characteristic of the genus Pneumocystis, and testing for the presence or absence in the sample of the at least one region of fungal nucleic acid characteristic of the genus Pneumocystis.
 35. The method of claim 34 in which the at least one region of fungal nucleic acid characteristic of the genus Pneumocystis includes SEQ ID NO: 18, a complement or transcript thereof, or a sequence having 80% or more sequence homology with SEQ ID NO: 18, complement or transcript thereof.
 36. The method of claim 35 in which the testing step includes contacting the sample with a probe including SEQ ID NO:
 21. 37. The method of claim 36 further comprising amplifying the at least one region of fungal nucleic acid characteristic of the genus Pneumocystis by contacting the sample with a pair of primers including SEQ ID NO: 19 and SEQ ID NO:
 20. 38. A method of testing for the presence or absence of a fungus belonging to the species Candida tropicalis in a sample, comprising obtaining a sample suspected of containing fungal nucleic acid, including at least one region of fungal nucleic acid characteristic of the species Candida tropicalis, and testing for the presence or absence in the sample of the at least one region of fungal nucleic acid characteristic of the species Candida tropicalis.
 39. The method of claim 38 in which the at least one region of fungal nucleic acid characteristic of the species Candida tropicalis includes SEQ ID NO: 30, a complement or transcript thereof, or a sequence having 80% or more sequence homology with SEQ ID NO: 30, complement or transcript thereof.
 40. The method of claim 39 in which the testing step includes contacting the sample with a probe including SEQ ID NO:
 33. 41. A method of testing for the presence or absence of a fungus belonging to the species Candida parapsilosis in a sample, comprising obtaining a sample suspected of containing fungal nucleic acid, including at least one region of fungal nucleic acid characteristic of the species Candida parapsilosis, and testing for the presence or absence in the sample of the at least one region of fungal nucleic acid characteristic of the species Candida parapsilosis.
 42. The method of claim 41 in which the at least one region of fungal nucleic acid characteristic of the species Candida parapsilosis includes SEQ ID NO: 34, a complement or transcript thereof, or a sequence having 80% or more sequence homology with SEQ ID NO: 34, complement or transcript thereof
 43. The method of claim 42 in which the testing step includes contacting the sample with a probe including SEQ ID NO:
 35. 44. A method of testing for the presence or absence of a fungus belonging to the species Candida albicans in a sample, comprising obtaining a sample suspected of containing fungal nucleic acid, including at least one region of fungal nucleic acid characteristic of the species Candida albicans, and testing for the presence or absence in the sample of the at least one region of fungal nucleic acid characteristic of the species Candida albicans.
 45. The method of claim 44 in which the at least one region of fungal nucleic acid characteristic of the species Candida albicans includes SEQ ID NO: 36, a complement or transcript thereof, or a sequence having 80% or more sequence homology with SEQ ID NO: 36, complement or transcript thereof.
 46. The method of claim 45 in which the testing step includes contacting the sample with a probe including SEQ ID NO:
 37. 47. A method of testing for the presence or absence of a fungus belonging to the species Candida glabrata in a sample, comprising obtaining a sample suspected of containing fungal nucleic acid, including at least one region of fungal nucleic acid characteristic of the species Candida glabrata, and testing for the presence or absence in the sample of the at least one region of fungal nucleic acid characteristic of the species Candida glabrata.
 48. The method of claim 47 in which the at least one region of fungal nucleic acid characteristic of the species Candida glabrata includes SEQ ID NO: 38, a complement or transcript thereof, or a sequence having 80% or more sequence homology with SEQ ID NO: 38, complement or transcript thereof.
 49. The method of claim 48 in which the testing step includes contacting the sample with a probe including SEQ ID NO:
 39. 50. A method of testing for the presence or absence of a fungus belonging to the species Candida krusei in a sample, comprising obtaining a sample suspected of containing fungal nucleic acid, including at least one region of fungal nucleic acid characteristic of the species Candida krusei, and testing for the presence or absence in the sample of the at least one region of fungal nucleic acid characteristic of the species Candida krusei.
 51. The method of claim 50 in which the at least one region of fungal nucleic acid characteristic of the species Candida krusei includes SEQ ID NO: 40, a complement or transcript thereof, or a sequence having 80% or more sequence homology with SEQ ID NO: 40, complement or transcript thereof.
 52. The method of claim 51 in which the testing step includes contacting the sample with a probe including SEQ ID NO:
 43. 53. The method of claim 38, which further comprises amplifying the at least one region of fungal nucleic acid characteristic of the Candida species by contacting the sample with a pair of primers including SEQ ID NO: 31 and SEQ ID NO:
 32. 54. The method of claim 50 further comprising amplifying the at least one region of fungal nucleic acid characteristic of the Candida species by contacting the sample with a pair of primers including SEQ ID NO: 41 and SEQ ID NO:
 42. 55. The method of claim 13 in which the amplifying step is carried out in the presence of one or more internal PCR amplification controls to ensure appropriate amplification of any fungal nucleic acid present in the sample.
 56. The method of claim 55 in which the one or more internal PCR amplification controls comprise a non-fungal sequence.
 57. The method of claim 55 in which the amplifying step is carried out in the presence of a cloned or synthesized tRNA-LEU intron region, which is added to the amplification mixture in a predetermined amount to rule out the presence of inhibitors or other defective amplification steps.
 58. The method of claim 57 in which the tRNA-LEU intron region comprises a portion of the Maize (Zea mayis) tRNA-LEU intron region.
 59. The method of claim 58 in which the Maize (Zea mayis) tRNA-LEU intron region includes SEQ ID NO:
 9. 60. The method of claim 59 further comprising detecting the presence of a nucleic acid including SEQ ID NO:
 10. 61. The method of claim 60 in which the detecting step comprises contacting the sample with a pair of oligonucleotides primers including SEQ ID NO: 11 and SEQ ID NO: 12 and a molecular beacon probe including SEQ ID NO:
 13. 62. The method of claim 1 in which the nucleic acid comprises DNA.
 63. The method of claim 1 in which the nucleic acid comprises RNA.
 64. A panfungal nucleic acid testing kit comprising a molecular beacon probe including SEQ ID NO: 4 and a pair of primers including SEQ ID NO: 2 and SEQ ID NO:
 3. 65. A kit for testing for the presence or absence of at least one region of fungal nucleic acid characteristic of the genus Candida in a sample comprising a molecular beacon probe including SEQ ID NO: 8 and a pair of primers including SEQ ID NO: 6 and SEQ ID NO:
 7. 66. A kit for testing for the presence or absence of at least one region of fungal nucleic acid characteristic of the genus Aspergillus in a sample comprising a molecular beacon probe including SEQ ID NO: 17 and a pair of primers including SEQ ID NO: 15 and SEQ ID NO:
 16. 67. A kit for testing for the presence or absence of at least one region of fungal nucleic acid characteristic of the genus Pneumocystis in a sample comprising a molecular beacon probe including SEQ ID NO: 21 and a pair of primers including SEQ ID NO: 19 and SEQ ID NO:
 20. 68. A kit for testing for the presence or absence of at least one region of fungal nucleic acid characteristic of a species of Candida in a sample comprising one or more molecular beacon probes including SEQ ID NO: 33, SEQ ID NO: 35, SEQ ID NO: 37, SEQ ID NO: 39, SEQ ID NO: 43, or combinations thereof and a pair of primers including SEQ ID NO: 31 and SEQ ID NO: 32, SEQ ID NO: 41 and SEQ ID NO: 42, or both pairs.
 69. The kit of claim 64 further comprising one or more internal PCT amplification controls.
 70. An isolated polynucleotide having the sequence of SEQ ID NOS: 44-45.
 71. An isolated polynucleotide having the sequence of SEQ ID NOS: 46-51.
 72. A fungal detection kit comprising (A) at least two amplification primers selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 48, SEQ ID NO: 49, SEQ ID NO: 50 and SEQ ID NO: 51; and (B) at least one oligonucleotide probe selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 44 and SEQ ID NO:
 45. 73. The fungal detection kit of claim 72, further comprising amplification primers SEQ ID NO: 6, SEQ ID NO: 7, SEQ ID NO: 46, and SEQ ID NO: 47, and oligonucleotide probes SEQ ID NO: 8, and SEQ ID NO:
 17. 74. A fungal detection kit comprising (A) amplification primers having the sequences of SEQ ID NO: 15, SEQ ID NO: 16, SEQ ID NO: 19, and SEQ ID NO: 20 and (B) oligonucleotide probes having the sequences of SEQ ID NO: 17 and SEQ ID NO:
 21. 75. The method of claim 41, which further comprises amplifying the at least one region of fungal nucleic acid characteristic of the Candida species by contacting the sample with a pair of primers including SEQ ID NO: 31 and SEQ ID NO:
 32. 76. The method of claim 44, which further comprises amplifying the at least one region of fungal nucleic acid characteristic of the Candida species by contacting the sample with a pair of primers including SEQ ID NO: 31 and SEQ ID NO:
 32. 77. The method of claim 47, which further comprises amplifying the at least one region of fungal nucleic acid characteristic of the Candida species by contacting the sample with a pair of primers including SEQ ID NO: 31 and SEQ ID NO:
 32. 78. The method of claim 50, which further comprises amplifying the at least one region of fungal nucleic acid characteristic of the Candida species by contacting the sample with a pair of primers including SEQ ID NO: 31 and SEQ ID NO:
 32. 